2. (particle) Combines with nā to form a past tense emphasising who or what did the action.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 30-32; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 41-42;)
3. (particle) at, in, on, along, by way of - used before location words to indicate past location.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 29;)
4. (particle) has, had - used to state who or what had something.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 83;)
5. (particle) from - used with verbs of motion to indicate movement away from the place following.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 25, 26; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 63-64;)
I piki atu rātou i te pūtake o te maunga ki te tihi. / They climbed from the base of the mountain to the summit.
6. (particle) Used with verbs that take a direct object or experience verbs not indicating motion to mark the object or goal of the action.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 41-42, 84;)
Kua kite rātou i Te Maioro Nui Whakaharahara o Haina. / They have seen the Great Wall of China.
7. (particle) Connects a location word with its related noun or noun phrase.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 15-16;)
8. (particle) by, with - used to mark the agent of stative verbs.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 57, 99-100; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 125;)
9. (particle) while, during.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101-102;)
I a ia e moe ana, ka hoki tana whaiāipo ki tōna kāinga. / While she was asleep, her boyfriend returned to his home.
10. (particle) than, in comparison with - used when comparing things.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101;)
11. (particle) because, through, by reason of.
12. (particle) Used in clauses expressing the reason for an action and in 'why' questions.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 23-24; Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 43-44;)
He pukuriri nōku i kōrero pēnei ai. / It was because I was angry that I spoke like that.
13. (particle) per, each, every.
14. (particle) in case ... may, were fortunate, to see whether, if it were not for - used between me and kore to express present or past hypothetical conditions.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 126-127;)
Me i kore koe, kua hinga tō tātou tīma. / If it weren't for you our team would have been defeated.
mai rānō
1. (particle) ever since, from that time, from long ago, for a long time, right from, from as long ago as, since - a variation of mai rā anō.
E ai ki te kōrero, mai rānō i te taenga mai o te waka o 'Mātaatua' ki Aotearoa, kātahi anō ētahi o ngā iwi o Mātaatua ka hui ngātahi (TTR 2000:232). / It was said that this was the first time that the tribes of Mātaatua had gathered together since the arrival of the 'Mātaatua' canoe.
Synonyms: mai rā anō, rā anō, rānō
pāorooro
1. (verb) to resound, echo, reverberate, jar, tingle - particularly used for any harsh or unpleasant sound.
Nō te 10 o ngā rā o Hune i tae mai ai ngā rongo e pāorooro ai ngā taringa mō te aituā nui whakaharahara i puta nei ki te rohe o Te Arawa (KO 24/8/1886:1). / On 10 June the reports arrived which resounded in the ears about the terrible calamity that had occurred in the Te Arawa region.
Synonyms: tiā, tioro, tiotio, wheoro, tōiriiri, oro, pakū, paoro, haruru, hau, hū, tōiri, papahū, ngātoro, tūpapahū, pohū, pakō, papā, māorooro
2. (verb) to jar, ache, throb, ring (from a harsh noise), tingle (of the ears).
Nā ka mea a Ihowā ki a Hamuera, Nana,ka mahia e ahau he mahi i roto i a Iharaira, e pāorooro ai ngā taringa e rua o te hunga katoa e rangona ai (PT 1 Hamuera 3:11). / And the Lord said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle.
mai rā anō
1. (particle) ever since, from that time, from long ago, for a long time, right from, from as long ago as.
Mai rā anō e pēnei ana ā mātou mahi. / We've done it this way for a long time.
See also mai rānō
2. (noun) trembling, shivering, shaking (from cold or an illness).
Ka mate rāua i te mātao, i te kūnāwiri, i te hauhauaitu. / They were overcome by the cold, shivering and hypothermia.
tīkakukaku
1. (verb) to scoop or dig out (things from a receptacle).
Synonyms: tīkaku
2. (noun) digging over, digging up.
He mea hoki e kore te tupeka e tupu pai, ana ngaromia e te taru, whai hoki kia hono te tīkakukaku i te oneone kia ngāwari ai (TW 14/4/1877:133). / And another thing is that tobacco will not grow well if it is overgrown by weeds, and the soil should be dug over regularly so that it's friable.
ake
1. (particle) from below, upwards, in an upwards direction - indicates direction upwards when following verbs of motion. It may indicate an upwards direction towards the speaker or away from the speaker, a group, or someone else. Like the other three directional particles, atu, mai and iho, it always follows manner particles (i.e. kau, kē, noa, rawa and tonu) if they are present in the phrase.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 27, 120;)
Piki ake ki konei! / Climb up here, please!
Ka titiro ake ia ki ngā whetū e kapokapo mai ana i te rangi. / She looked up at the stars twinkling in the sky.
2. (particle) upwards, in an upwards direction - used with verbs which designate perception or attitude. It may also be used to reinforce words with positive connotations, such as progress, enlightenment, good health and to indicate an action that is performed quickly and with ease.
Ka mīharo ake i te mea ko te wā i tuhia ai e ia ngā kōrero nei kua eke kē a Hēmi ki te taumata o te tangata e kīia ai ia 'he kōkōmuka noho tara-ā-whare', arā, ko ōna tau whakahingahinga, whakatā hoki (HP 1991:v). / It is amazing because the time when these stories were written was when Hēmi had reached the age of being a stay-at-home, that is, his years of retirement.
Ko ngā mea i ora ake, i taki omaoma ki ngā whāruarua i uta huna ai (TTR 1990:153). / The ones who survived fled inland to the valleys to hide.
I haere ia ki te Kura Māori o Raukōkore, ā, pai ana te haere o te ako i a ia; kitea ake ana e ōna kura māhita tōna pūmanawa (TTR 2000:1). / He attended Raukōkore Native School and the learning progressed well; his teachers quickly recognised his talents.
3. (particle) Implying direction to some place connected with the speaker, the listener, or someone else, but not where she/he/they are at the time.
Engari, ki te peka ake koe ki tōku kāinga, haria ake anō he kai māu. / But if you stop off at my home, take some food for yourself.
I mua i tana nehunga i Kōkōhīnau ka mauria ake a ia ki te mahau o Ruataupare, takoto ai (TTR 1996:231). / Before her burial at Kōkōhīnau she was carried to the veranda of Ruataupare to lie in state.
4. (particle) immediately, without delay, from that time, from that time on, forthwith - indicating a further immediate action.
Titiro ana a Hana Kōkō ki te tamaiti, tangi ake ia. / When Santa Claus looked at the child, the child cried.
5. (particle) just, recently, promptly, thereupon - used in time expressions, seemingly for emphasis. In this usage ake is often followed by nei to indicate that the action will take just a short while, or it has been over for a short while.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 121;)
6. (particle) Used to emphasise distance, especially with location words.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 45;)
I kuhu te titipounamu ki roto ake i te puare o te tīwai o te tawhai. / The rifleman went right into the hole in the trunk of the beech tree.
I tanumia a ia ki Korowhata, e whakatāiri rā i runga ake o Pūtiki (TTR 1990:17). / He was buried at Korokata, above Pūtiki.
7. (particle) Used when comparing things. This includes iti, although it may often be followed by iho. This usage will normally be used with adjectives, but verbs created by prefixing whaka- to adjectives (e.g. whakarahi, whakapoto, whakaroa) or location words may be used.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101;)
He pai ake tēnei i tēnā. / This is better than that.
He nui noa ake te taupori o Kirikiriroa, tēnā i tō Rāhui Pōkeka. / Hamilton's population is a lot more than that of Huntly.
Me whakapoto ake te kōrero i konei, me kī i mīharo, i whakamihi, ngā mema Pākehā ki te ahua ki ngā mahi a ngā iwi o Te Tai Rāwhiti i kitea e ō rātou ake kanohi (TKO 31/3/1921:4). / The account here should be abbreviated, but I should say that the Pākehā members were amazed and they praised the nature of the work of the tribes of the East Coast that they saw with their own eyes.
(Kei te whakairia e Rangi he whakaahua ki te pakitara.) Rangi: Ki konei? Hine: Kāo, ki runga ake (HJ 2015:176). / (Rangi is hanging a picture on the wall.) Rangi: Here? Hine: No, higher up.
See also kaha ake
8. (particle) original, indigenous, own, real, very own, personal, personally - to emphasise to whom something belongs or for whom something is intended. With possessive pronouns the word order is variable, e.g. tōku waka ake or tōku ake waka.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 45-46;)
Ko te iwi Māori te iwi ake o Aotearoa. / The Māori people are the indigenous people of New Zealand.
Ki te haere ia ki ngā hui, me mau te tangata i tōna ake tauera (TTT 1/11/1927:686). / If he goes to gatherings a person should take his own towel.
Synonyms: taketake, tūturu, tō, anō, tipu, tupu, tinana, tino
9. (particle) myself, herself, himself, yourself, ourselves, themselves - indicates the reflexive when it occurs with ki te or i a followed by a pronoun.
Hei reira, i roto i tō wira, ka tukua e koe ō taonga ki aua kaitiaki, ā ka whakahaerea e rāua me te mea nā rāua ake anō aua taonga, otirā he mahi kau tā rāua i aua taonga mō ō tamariki anō (TWMNT 7/4/1874:83). / Then, in your will, you give your property to those trustees, and they will use it as if that property belongs to themselves, but they will do it for your children.
10. (particle) exactly, right, truly, just - can intensify certain words, including question words, locative nouns and sometimes kore.
Kei hea ake ngā tamariki weriweri rā? / Just where are those horrible children?
Nō konei ake te nuinga o aku hoa. / The majority of my friends are from right here.
Kore ake a Timi i toa ki te whakapākehā i te ‘pōkokohua’ a Eruera ki te Kāwana Tianara (EM 2002:214) / Timi was just not brave enough to translate Eruera's 'pōkokohua' for the Governor General.
Synonyms: mōtika, tonu, matatika, tōtika, take, heipū, tikanga, tika, matau
11. (particle) and so on, and the like, and other places, elsewhere, etc. - to indicate things that are additional to those already mentioned.
Ko ia tonu te tangata tiaki i ō rātou pānga i Te Wairarapa, i Kaikōura, i Taranaki, i hea ake, i hea ake (TTR 1998:210). / He himself was the person looking after their land interests in Wairarapa, Kaikōura, Taranaki and elsewhere.
Āpiti atu ko ngā taputapu whakatangitangi - kia rangona atu te tangi a te pūtōrino, a te pūtātara, a te pahū me te aha ake (HM 3/1998:8). / In addition there are the musical instruments - so that the sounds of the pūtōrino (large traditional flute), the conch shell trumpet, the gong and other instruments can be heard.
āmua
1. (location) the time to come, after that, from this time onwards, from now on, in the future, henceforth, hereafter.
I mahia he whakaaetanga whakamokeke kia utua he moni tāpiri pūmau ā-tau ki a Tomoana rāua ko Takamoana mō te 10 tau āmua ake nei (TTR 1994:191). / A secret agreement was made to pay Tomoana and Takamoana additional annuities for 10 years after that.
āmuri
1. the time to come, after that, from this time onwards, from now on, in the future, henceforth, hereafter.
See also ā muri ake nei
tūārangi
1. (modifier) from a distance, from afar.
Hei te 25 o ngā rā o Pēpuere ka tīmata te hui ā-tau a ngā tākuta o Nui Tīreni me ētahi takuta manuhiri tūārangi o ērā atu wāhi o te ao ki Rotorua (TTT 1/1/1928:714). / On 25 February the annual conference of New Zealand and international doctors begins at Rotorua.
3. (noun) distance.
4. (noun) visitors from afar.
Te tikanga ko Mātaatua katoa ka whakaeke i te rā tuatahi, i te Paraire. Koirā te ao o mua, kia pō takoto rawa rātau; kia kotahi katoa ai rātau; kia mātotoru ai te tū mai i te ata hei pōwhiri ki ngā manuhiri tawhiti, ngā tūārangi (EM 2002:94). / The practice is that all of Mātaatua should come on in the first day, the Friday. That was the old world, that they stay the night so that they are all united, and so that there is a large crowd to stand in the morning to welcome the visitors from a long way away, the visitors from afar.
whakahoro hauhauaitu
1. (noun) to free from tapu, free from impediments.
I te whakawahinga o te Kīngi i Ngāruawāhia i te 2 o Mei 1859, he maha rātou i ngōki atu i waenganui i ngā kūwhā o Te Wherowhero. Ko tērā tikanga he whakahoro hauhauaitu e whānau hou ai te tangata (TTR 1990:163). / When the King was confirmed at Ngāruawāhia on 2 May 1859, many crawled through Te Wherowhero's thighs That custom was a whakahoro hauhauaitu whereby a person was being born again symbolically.
whakahoro
1. (verb) (-a,-ngia,-tia) to accelerate, hasten, hurry (someone), let down, pay out, cause to slip off, demolish, dismantle, flee.
I whakahoro te Poa ki Piritōria, i te pōnānā mahue ake ētahi o ngā pūrepo, me ngā tereina (TP 1/6/1900:6). / The Boers fled to Pretoria and in their haste left behind some of the cannons and trains.
Synonyms: whakatere, whakahohoro, kautuku, whakahinga, tukutuku, whakaheke, tuku
2. (verb) (-a,-ngia) to let down, pay out (a line), fly (a kite).
Ka mahia ngā mahi a Ruhanui, koia ēnei: ko te tūperepere, ko te tōreherehe, ko te kai whakatāpaepae, ko te kokomo, ko te tūmahana, ko te kaihaukai, ko te haka, ko te poi, ko te whakahoro taratahi, ko te tā pōtaka... (TWMNT 11/9/1872:110). / When Vega rose the harvesting of the food began; and when that was done the activities of Ruhanui were carried out, which were these: the ceremony and feast to celebrate the storing of the kūmara crop, tobogganing, the displaying of food, the exchanging of gifts between hosts and visitors, feasting and presenting food, performing haka and poi, flying kites, whipping spinning tops...
3. (verb) (-a,-ngia) cause to crumble down, cause to collapse, cause to slip off, demolish, dismantle.
Ki te rū te whenua, ka tuwhera ngā poka hōhonu, ka whakahoroa ngā maunga, ka hūrorirori ngā whare (TTT 1/7/1929:1029). / If there's an earthquake, deep holes open up, mountains are caused to collapse, and houses sway about.
4. (verb) to pass on, hand on (traditions, etc.).
Ka tuhia e ia ngā tikanga a ngā tohunga, me ngā tikanga whakahoro tamāroa (TTR 1998:75). / He wrote of the rituals of tohunga, and the methods of passing on knowledge to first-born sons.
5. (noun) free from tapu, free from impediments.
I te whakawahinga o te Kīngi i Ngāruawāhia i te 2 o Mei 1859, he maha rātou i ngōki atu i waenganui i ngā kūwhā o Te Wherowhero. Ko tērā tikanga he whakahoro hauhauaitu e whānau hou ai te tangata (TTR 1990:163). / When the King was confirmed at Ngāruawāhia on 2 May 1859, many crawled through Te Wherowhero's thighs. That custom was a whakahoro hauhauaitu whereby a person was being born again symbolically.
2. (noun) recovering, recovery (from severe illness, etc.).
Ka taea te whakamāui ake ina koirā te kōingo nui (TTTT 2006:12). / It will be able to recover if that is what we really want.
waho atu
1. (location) out from, off from, offshore.
I taka iho ki runga i a Rāhui te mana whenua o Te Kiri i Pākiri, i Ōmaha, i Aotea, i Hauturu, me ērā anō o ngā motu i waho atu i te tuawhenua (TTR 1994:176). / Rāhui inherited Te Kiri's land rights at Pākiri, Ōmaha, Great Barrier Island, Little Barrier Island and other offshore islands.
Synonyms: waho
atu i tēnei
1. (particle) apart from this, from this.
Atu i tēnei wā, ka whakauruuru atu a Ngata ki te tini o ngā mahi e pā ana ki ngā mahi pāpori me ngā tikanga ā-iwi (TTR 1996:107). / From this time Ngata was involved in a many social and cultural activities.
See also atu
taru tawhiti
1. (modifier) influenza - sometimes written as one word, i.e. tarutawhiti.
I te pānga o te urutā taru tawhiti i 1918 ka whakahōhiperatia a Tūtāmure (TTR 1994:6). / When the influenza epidemic of 1918 struck the Tūtāmure meeting house was turned into a hospital.
See also tarutawhiti
2. (noun) thing from abroad, thing from outside.
Ehara i te mea ka tahia katoatia ki te taha ngā tikanga whakahaere kua roa kē e whāia ana, ka uru mai rānei he taru tawhiti hei whakakōpekapeka i ngā mahi (HM 4/1994:8). / It's not as if all the long-standing undertakings will be swept aside, or outside influences will hinder the activities.
3. (noun) influenza.
I te tau 1918 ka mate haere te kaha o te nanakia mate nei, o te tau tawhiti, i Aotearoa nei, ka ngaro te momo o te tangata ki te pō, Māori tonu, Pākehā hoki. / In 1918 this cruel disease, influenza, spread in New Zealand, and people died, Māori as well as Pākehā.
nō whea
1. where from? from where? belonging to where? - interrogative asking where something or someone is from or belongs. Variation of nō hea.
Kei raro iho i te nama o te waiata ngā tohu whakaatu a te etita kāore ia i te mōhio nā wai te waiata, ā, nō whea rānei (TTT 1/4.1929:973). / Below the number of the song are the symbols of the editor that he does not know who the song is by or where it is from.
hiki
1. (verb) (hīkina,-ngia,-tia) to lift up, raise, carry in the arms, nurse (a baby), remove, take away, convey - in the passive form if the passive ending -na is used the first i is lengthened, i.e. hīkina.
I whakakīa te pēke hiraka ki te kāhi haitorotini, mā taua kāhi e hiki te pēke (TP 2/1900:4). / The silk bag was filled with hydrogen gas and that gas lifts the bag.
Synonyms: whakatāiri, riariaki, kōranga, riaki, tapuhi, whakatapuhi, nānā, mohimohi, nēhi, tiaki, morimori, nāhi, kāhaki, opeope, hura, hīkaro, unuunu, whakahorohoro, mākerekere, tauwehe, tango, maiki, tīhei, whakarewa, tiraki, tārewa, rangaranga, whakatairangaranga, huataki, hāpai, ararewa, whakamaranga, whakaikeike, whakakaurera, whakatupu, whakapakeke, mairanga, whakatū, whakaara, whakarawe, whakatipu, whāngai, whakaaranga, hī, rangahua, huaranga, araara, whakatiputipu
2. (verb) (hīkina,-ngia,-tia) to shift (to another site), move.
Ka hīkina te whare o Makarita ki rāwāhi atu i te huarahi ki te marae (EM 2002:206). / Makarita's house was shifted across the road to the marae.
Synonyms: onioni, tīkape, kaneke, hūnuku, konikoni, mū, whakakorikori, panuku, paheke, neke, korikori, koni, tākiri, kori, ngatete, oraora, pakuku, pīoraora, heke, nuku, ki hori, ngeungeu, ngatē, neneke, takataka, rangaranga, whakangāueue, kareu, oreore
3. (verb) (hīkina,-tia) to adjourn (a meeting or hui), recess, suspend, postpone.
Kua hīkina te whakawā i a Tame Iti mō te pupuhi i tana pū i te wā o te pōhiri a te iwi o Ngāi Tūhoe ki Te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, ki te 20 o Mahuru. / The judicial hearing against Tame Iti for shooting his gun at the time of Ngāi Tūhoe's welcome ceremony to the Waitangi Tribunal has been adjourned to the 20th of September.
Synonyms: tinaku, whakatārewa
4. (verb) (hīkina,-tia) to raise, end, lift (a rāhui).
Ko tētahi mahi a Rangiheuea me tōna iwi, ia tau, mō te kotahi marama i te wā e tika ana, he kokoti i te tōrea hei huahua mā rātau. Ka ngata ō rātau hiahia i taua marama, kua whakatauria he rāhui, kia tae rā anō ki te wā tika i te tau o muri mai, kātahi anō ka hīkina te rāhui (EM 2002:157). / A task that Rangiheuea and his people did each year for one month at the appropriate season was snaring oyster catchers for preserving in their own fat for food. When their needs were satisfied in that month a rāhui (temporary ritual prohibition) was set in place and it wasn't until the next season that the rāhui was lifted.
5. (verb) to start, jump (from surprise, etc.).
6. (verb) to slip up, skip - when reciting a karakia, etc. Traditionally considered to be a bad omen.
He aituā tō tāua, i hiki taku karakia (NM 1928:22). / We have a mishap because I slipped up with my ritual chant.
7. (noun) recess.
Synonyms: koko
8. (noun) seam, join - join between two widths of a floor mat, etc.
Ko te hiki te ingoa o te rārangi tuitui e hono ana i ētahi papanga e rua (RTA 2014:192). / The hiki (seam) is the name of the line of sewing joining two layers.
Synonyms: maurua, tūhoto, uru, whakamoemoe, whakatapoko, haumi, honohono, pūtahi, tūhono, tūhonohono, hono, whakakapiti, porotūtaki, porotūtataki, uhono, kuhukuhu, whakauru, tāpiri, pāhekoheko
9. (noun) charm for raising anything from the water, or to cause people to migrate, or to free the hands from tapu.
Kātahi ia ka hāpai ake i tana hiki ake mō tana ika kia maiangi ake (N 1928:16). / Then he began his hiki charm for his fish to be raised it up.
