tonu
1. (particle) still, continues, unceasing, continuously, simply - a manner particle that denotes continuance, permanence or exactness and follows immediately after the word it applies to. Often used with the verbal particles which have a progressive or continuous sense, i.e. e ... ana, kei te ... and i te ... Where tonu follows a verb in the passive it will take a passive ending also, usually -tia. In this situation the passive ending may be dropped from the verb, but not from tonu.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 57, 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 91-92;)
Mehemea i te ora tonu ia, kua kite i te ātaahua o tana mokopuna. / If she was still alive, she would have seen how beautiful her grandchild is.
I nuku atu i te rua rau ngā waiata i titoa e Tuīni e maumahara tonutia ana i nāianei (TTR 2000:132). / Tuīni composed more than two hundred songs which are still remembered today.
2. (particle) nonetheless, all the same, still - indicates permanence or stability of a procedure, arrangement or idea.
I tū tonu tā mātou kura reo, engari i kawea ki tētahi marae kē atu. / Our language school was still held, but it was taken to another marae.
Synonyms: aua atu (rā)
3. (particle) very, indeed, exceedingly, indeed, even, in fact, right, just, really, only - used to intensify or to emphasise. Often used with statives and adjectives.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 125; Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 119-120;)
Kī tonu te rūma i te wāhine. / The room was full of women.
He matatau tonu a Tio ki te kōrero i te reo Māori. / Joe is very fluent in speaking Māori.
E hia ngā kakī i kitea e kōrua? Kotahi tonu. / How many black stilts did you two see? Only one.
Synonyms: anahe, nahe, anake, matau, tikanga, take, tōtika, matatika, mōtika, rā pea, kē, koia, koia, tinana, koa, katoa, rawa, i neki, inā, ata, rā anō, rānō, tino, tata, ake, noa iho, mārire, mārika, mārie, heipū, ia rā, ia, noa ake, tōkeke, noa, tou, tika, kau
4. (particle) on the contrary, of course, do so, do too, can too, are so - to show disagreement with a statement just made.
Rangi: E mea ana ia kāore ōna hū omaoma. Hine: He hū omaoma tonu ōna. Kei te karo kē pea i te oma (HJ 2015:58). / Rangi: She is saying that she has no running shoes. Hine: On the contrary she does have some running shoes. She is probably dodging the run.
Kei te maumahara tonu au. / Of course I remember.
Synonyms: engari, engaringari, anō, ehara
5. (particle) as soon as, immediately, promptly, forthwith, without difficulty - expresses the idea of immediacy, without delay or with little need for effort.
Pā tonu mai te karanga, ka whakaeke tō mātou ope. / As soon as we heard the call, our party went onto the marae.
6. (particle) quite, fairly, so so - to indicate didn't or hasn't yet reached its full potential or been fully realised.
I pai tonu, engari kāore i inati te pai (HJ 2015:59). / It was quite good, but not exceptional.
Synonyms: tino, noa iho, tou, (ko) tōna ... (nei), kāhua, hengahenga, hangehange, āta, kere, koia, rawa, āhua, anō, noa
7. (particle) almost, just about, virtually.
8. (particle) just like, exactly the same - when following rite.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 26;)
Kātahi, ka whakatika atu tētahi o ngā rangatira, ko Te Taero te ingoa. Anā, rite tonu hoki āna kupu ki ā ngā mitinare (JPS 1990:139). / Then one of the chiefs stood up. His name was Te Taero. Behold, his words were also exactly the same as the missionaries'.
See also rite tonu, he rite tonu, kia rite tonu
Synonyms: anō, me kore ake, me/mai/mei kore ake ..., mai kore ake, mei kore ake, rite tonu
9. (particle) always, all the time, continually (when following rite).
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 29;)
Ko tēnei wāhi i mōhio whānuitia, ā, he rite tonu te peka atu o ngā ope haere ki te whakangā, ki te whakahauora (TTR 1990:74). / This place was well-known and travelling parties stopped off all the time to rest and refresh.
See also rite tonu, he rite tonu
mōriroriro
1. (verb) to be estranged, alienated, isolated.
Nā te pahekotanga o Pōhio ki a Te Maihāroa ka noho mōriroriro ia i te tini o ngā rangatira o Ngāi Tahu. E pukuaroha ana ki te tohunga, engari e whakahē ana ki āna mahi (TTR 1990:113). / By joining Te Maiharoa, Pohio alienated himself from the majority of the Ngāi Tahu leaders, who sympathised with the tohunga but did not approve of his actions.
2. (verb) to be almost out of sight, just visible.
Mōriroriro kau ake i roto i te wai (W 1971:210). / It was only just visible in the water.
3. (modifier) alienated, estranged, isolated.
Nā te pahekotanga o Pōhio ki a Te Maihāroa ka noho mōriroriro ia i te tini o ngā rangatira o Ngāi Tahu (TTR 1990:113). / By joining Te Maihāroa, Pōhio alienated himself from many of the Ngāi Tahu leaders.
4. (noun) isolation, estrangement, distancing, alienation.
Nā Tūhaere te whakatenatena ki a Tāwhiao kia mutu te mōriroriro (TTR 1990:366). / It was Tūhaere who encouraged Tāwhiao to give up his isolation.
ahi teretere
1. (stative) flickering fire, unstable fire - a term used when members of a whānau have not returned to their tribal lands to 'keep the fires burning' for three or four generations and their rights have almost been extinguished.
Ko te kaupapa o te kōrero, kia kore ai e ahi teretere, kia kore ai rānei e ahi mātao...Me hokihoki tonu koe ki tōu ake kāinga kia kā tonu ai ngā ahi, me tuku rānei e koe ō tamariki kia hokihoki ki tērā o ngā kāinga kia noho mahana tonu ai ō ahi (Tikanga 1997:70). / The purpose of the story is so that fire does not flicker or grow cold...You must continually return to your real home so that the fires continue to burn, or you should request that your children return often to that home so that your fires stay warm.
See also ahi tere, ahi tahutahu
Synonyms: ahi tere
tōtahi
1. (modifier) solitary, single, alone, solo.
2. (modifier) within a little, nearly, almost.
Kotahi te Pākehā, ko te Kōra tōna ingoa, i haere atu i runga i te tāhuna paruparu ki te kawe atu i te pātara waipiro ki ngā tāngata i runga i taua poti, i te hokinga mai tōtahi ka mate i te pōharuharu, nā te mea i ngōki mai i runga i te paru i tae mai ai ki uta, tae rawa mai kua ruwha noa iho (TWMNT 11/7/1876:172). / A Pākehā named Cole went over the mud flat with a bottle of alcohol to the people on that boat, and on returning in a little while he had difficulties with the quagmire because he had to crawl over the mud to reach the shore. When he finally arrived he was exhausted.
Synonyms: tata, tata, whakatata, whano, kua [mutu] tonu, whano tae
ahi tere
1. (noun) flickering fire, unstable fire - a term used when members of a whānau have not returned to their tribal lands to 'keep the fires burning' for three or four generations and their rights have almost been extinguished.
Ki te whakarērea te whenua ka mātao te ahi, ka ngaro ngā tika ki te whenua. Hei te tīmatanga ka iti te ahi, kīia ai he ahi tere. Ka tae ana ki te wā ka weto te ahi, ko te ahi mātaotao tērā (Te Ara 2013). / The legitimacy of any claim diminished over time if the land was abandoned and the fire allowed to die out. Initially, the right started to wane and became ahi tere (unstable fire). Eventually the fire was extinguished which was ahi mātaotao (cold fire).
See also ahi tahutahu
Synonyms: ahi teretere
tata
1. (verb) to be near, close, nearby, closely, about, suddenly.
Synonyms: pātata, kō tata tonu atu, tātata, tūtata, pahaki, (ko) tōna ... (nei), āhua
2. (modifier) a little, slightly, just - when placed after a locative, or location word, tata indicates a short distance away.
I te tau 1866 ka mauherehia a Te Kooti ki waho tata o Tūranga, ā, ka kawea ki Wharekauri me te kore whakawā (Te Ara 2017). / In 1866 when Te Kooti was arrested just out of Gisborne he was taken to the Chatham Islands and without trial.
Synonyms: ake, tika, tou, noa, noa iho, tōkeke, noa ake, tonu, ia, ia rā, heipū, mārie, mārika, mārire, kau
3. (modifier) shortly, just - when placed after a word for time, tata indicates a short space of time.
I ngā wiki i mua tata atu i tōna matenga, he rite tonu tana puta ake hei kaiwhakaatu mō ngā kerēme i te aroaro o te Kōti Whenua Māori (TTR 1990:153). / In the weeks just prior to his death, he continued to appear before the Native Land Court as a witness for the claims.
Synonyms: takitaro, karo, ākuanei, ā kō kō ake nei, ākuara, ā kō tonu ake nei, ā kō (tonu) ake nei, potopoto
4. (modifier) close by - when placed after a verb.
Ka tuku kupu ngā amorangi o Ngāti Kahungunu ki ō rātou iwi e noho tata mai ana, kia whakahiato hei ope taua mō rātou (TTR 1990:333). / The chiefs of Ngāti Kahungunu sent word to their tribes living nearby to assemble their forces.
5. (modifier) nearly, almost - when placed before a verb, tata indicates something is very close to reaching a particular state.
Kua tata oti te pukapuka te tuhi. / Writing the book is nearly finished.
I tata mīia ō māua tarau i te kaha o tā māua kata (HJ 2015:234). / We nearly wet our pants we were laughing so much.
Synonyms: whakatata, whano, tōtahi, kua [mutu] tonu, whano tae
6. (noun) closeness, near to, away from.
Ko tōna haerenga tēnei i tae ai ia ki te 170 māero te tata atu ki te pito o te ao (TP 9/1909:8). / On this trip he got to 170 miles away from the pole.
2. (modifier) nearly, almost.
Nā, i te poka whakatata ki te whakaeroero ngā whetū i te ata hāpara, ka wehewehe ngā matua e toru nei, he rau tōpū ki te matua kotahi (JPS 1919:124). / So, when the stars were about to disappear at dawn, the three divisions of the army, each one of two hundred, separated.
Synonyms: tata, whano, tōtahi, kua [mutu] tonu, whano tae
3. (noun) approach.
Ka tīmata te whakatata o Māhina-a-rangi ki a Tūrongo (NIT 1995:71). / Māhina-a-rangi began to approach Tūrongo.
whano
1. (verb) to go, proceed.
Ko te ara tēnā i whano ai koe ki runga ki a Rehua (M 2006:592). / That is the path that you proceeded on up to Rehua.
Synonyms: nawaki
2. (verb) to be on the point of, nearly, impending, looming, almost.
Ka whano ka tākiri te ata, ka puke mai tētahi ngaru nui, ka taupokina taua iwi, ngaro katoa - neke atu i te rua mano taua iwi (JPS 1901:71). / When morning had nearly dawned, a great wave rose up and completely overwhelmed that tribe, more than two thousand of them.
Heoti anō, rūpeke ana ngā tāngata i taua pō, nā ka tū mai ngā rangatira o ērā ngā iwi e noho mawehe ana, e noho mauāhara ana hoki, puta noa i te roa o te whenua; nā, ka rū tahi rātou, ka mihi mai, ka mihi atu, ā, whano hae noa te ata (MM.TKM 1/9/1860:3). / However, the people gathered that night and the chiefs of those, the tribes who had been living apart and estranged from throughout the length of the country, met together, shook hands, and made speeches acknowledging each other until near morning.
Synonyms: raraka, tata, whakatata, whakatata, tōtahi, kua [mutu] tonu, whano tae, tata
2. (verb) to perform sexual intercourse, copulate, have sex.
Ngaro atu ana te tokorua rā ki ngā rarauhe ki te oni (PK 2008:544). / That couple disppeared into the bracken fern to have sex.
3. (verb) to be almost, close to (of time).
4. (noun) wriggling, making sensual movements, making lascivious movements, erotic dancing.
Ka haka ngā wāhine rā, ka kōrero i ngā pūrākau, tē kata a Kae. Kia mahi rā anō rātou i te oni ka kata a Kae (Te Ara 2016). / Those women danced and told stories, but Kae would not laugh. It was not until they did erotic dances that Kae laughed.
2. (modifier) disappearing, vanishing, archaic.
Ko te wawata tērā i ngā tau maha nei, kia whakawhāititia ngā waiata, ngā pātere, ngā karakia Māori; kia uia te tangata, te iwi nāna ia waiata; kia kōrerotia te pūtake i huaina ai, i titoa ai rānei; kia whakamāramatia hoki ētahi o ngā kupu matangarongaro o aua waiata, ngā ingoa tīpuna, ingoa kāinga rānei, parekura rānei, tikanga rānei, atua rānei (M 2004:xv). / It has been an earnest desire for many years to have collected the songs, chants, and Māori ritual chants; to question the person or tribe to which each song belongs; to discuss the reason they were composed; and to also explain the archaic words of those songs, the ancestral names, names of places, or battles, or customs, or atua.
whano tae
1. almost, nearly.
I mate a Kāwana Paipai Te Whetūrangi ki Pūtiki, i Whanganui, i te 13 o Hune, 1884. Whano tae ki te 100 tau i te matenga ai. E meinga ana i kite a Kāwana Paipai i tērā manu, i te moa, e hāereere ana i nga mānia o Te Waimate (KO 15/8/1884:2). / Kāwana Paipai Te Whetūrangi passed away in Pūtiki, Whanganui, on the 13th of June, 1884. He was almost 100 years old when he died. It’s said that Kāwana Paipai saw the moa bird wandering the Te Waimate plains.
Synonyms: tata, whakatata, whano, tōtahi, kua [mutu] tonu
2. (noun) small part, small portion.
I te tau 1867, ka whakakorea te raupatu hāunga tētahi wāhi iti nei, i uru atu ai ētahi maramara o te poraka o Kauhouroa (TTR 1998:214). / In 1867 the confiscation had been withdrawn, save for a relatively small area, which included portions of the Kauhouroa block.
3. (noun) minor, slight.
He wāhi iti nei ngā whakatikatika i ngā kupu o te waiata nei kia hāngai ai ki te kaupapa a Ngāti Ruanui (M 2004:366). / There have been some minor alterations in the text to make it agree with the Ngāti Ruanui version.
Synonyms: korokororiki, mātāmuri, itinga, hauiti
kiwakiwa
1. (noun) creek fern, Blechnum fluviatile - a common fern in damp shady areas of bush throughout Aotearoa/New Zealand. Has narrow ladder-like fronds that lie almost horizontal to form a rosette. The fronds have almost-round, dull green leaflets.
See also kiwikiwi
whāngai
1. (verb) (-a,-hia,-nga,-tia) to feed, nourish, bring up, foster, adopt, raise, nurture, rear.
Kaua hei whāngaia te pēpi ki te pātara (TTT 1/10/1927:699). / Don't feed the baby with a bottle.
Synonyms: hikutira, hikumaro, kōkai, taute, poipoi, ahu, whaipainga, whai painga, whakawairākau, riaki, whakatū, whakaara, whakaikeike, whakarawe, whakatipu, whakatāiri, whakaaranga, kōranga, hāpai, hī, huataki, rangahua, huaranga, araara, whakatiputipu, whakakaurera, riariaki, whakatairangaranga, hiki, mairanga, whakapakeke, whakatupu
2. (modifier) fostered, adoptive, foster.
Ka mate te matua whāngai, e riro rānei te whenua o te tūpāpaku i te tamaiti whāngai?...Ko te tikanga Māori mō te tamaiti whāngai, ka hoki anō ki roto i ngā pānga o ōna mātua ake, i runga anō i te take huihui, i heke mai i roto i te tino take ki te whenua, kāore hoki te whāngai e tangohia i waho o ngā whakapapa me te toto (TPH 30/8/1902:2). / When the foster parent dies, is the land of the deceased inherited by the foster child?...In Māori custom an adopted child would fall back on the rights to the land shares of his/her birth parents which would occur in gatherings where the inheritance of land was passed on, and the foster child would not have rights outside genealogical and blood ties. (Statements by Īhāia Hūtana of Ngāti Kahungunu.)
See also matua whāngai, mātua whāngai, tamaiti whāngai, whaea whāngai, tamariki whāngai
3. (noun) foster child, adopted child - this is a customary practice. Often a couple's first child was brought up by grandparents or adopted by one of the brothers or sisters of a parent, but almost always the foster child was a blood relation, usually a close relation. This practice continues today, but inheritance of land and property is not clear-cut. Sometimes the foster child would be entitled to inherit the foster father's property, especially if a child was adopted at birth and remained with the foster parents through to adulthood and looked after the adopted parent(s) in their old age. In this case the foster child would share the interests with any natural children. The rights of a foster child might be modified if an ōhākī (bequest) by the foster father had been made. Foster children always knew who their natural parents were.
Nō te whānautanga o Te Ataihaea, he kōtiro, kua hiahia tō mātau māmā kia riro mai i a ia hai whāngai māna (HP 1991:19). / When Te Ataihaea, a girl, was born our mother wanted to adopt her as a foster child.
2. (noun) Prince of Wales Feathers, crape fern, Leptopteris superba - native tufted ground fern, often with a short woody trunk. Fronds tapered equally at both ends, very finely divided. Fluffy to touch. Grows best in cool, wet forest. Frond tapers at both ends.
Synonyms: maikukuroa, pūniu, tētē kura, tētēkura, ngutungutu kiwi, pūnui, tētē, ngutu kākāriki
pūpū tara
1. (noun) large trumpet shell, Charonia lampas rubicunda - shell from deep water which is almost white and was used as a trumpet.
E kore koe e ora, ē ī, i ngā hau o te tiu e āia nei te pūpū tara ki uta (M 2005:278). / You will not survive the northerly winds that drive the large trumpet shell ashore.
