2. (verb) (-a) to give in marriage, marry off.
Ka mea atu a Tūtānekai, "Ko tōku tuahine rā, kia whakamoea mā tōku hoa takatāpui, mā Tiki." (NM 1928:113). / Tūtānekai said, "My sister should be given in marriage to my close friend, Tiki."
3. (verb) (-a) to close (the eyes).
4. (verb) (-a) to recite traditional lore.
He tangata whakamoe tau (W 1971:204). / A man who has knowledge of the seasons (W 1971:204).
5. (verb) to recite a genealogy including males and their spouses.
6. (modifier) having spouses included.
Ko tērā whakapapa he whakapapa whakamoe tōna ingoa, nō te mea kei te heria mai anō ki roto i te whakapapa ngā pānga o te wahine, ā, i te nuinga o te wā i ngā wā o mua i heke kē mai i te taha tāne te āhua o te whakapapa (Milroy 2015). / That whakapapa is called a whakapapa whakamoe (genealogy with spouses), because the connections of the wife are being included, and, most of the time in the past the whakapapa descended down the male side.
7. (modifier) sleeping.
I mea ia kia hoatu he rongoā whakamoe i a ia kia kore ai ia e rongo i te mamae, ka pokaia e ia (HTK 17/2/1894:2). / She said to give him some medicine to put him to sleep so that he would not feel the pain and then he cut it out.
8. (noun) marriage.
Ko ngā waha tētahi, ka āta tū ngā niho tapahi me ngā niho pū kātahi ka tino oti tēnā whakamoe tāne, wahine (JPS 1927:352). / The mouth was another thing, an even set of incisors and of double teeth was deemed desirable, and, if all these things were satisfactory, then marriage was assured.
Synonyms: mārenatanga, moemoe, moenga, mārenarena, moumouranga, mārena, whakamoemoe
9. (noun) genealogy with spouses included.
Kia whaiwhai atu au i ētahi atu kupu kua whakaingoatia mō ngā momo whakapapa a te Māori. Ko tētahi ko te whakamoe, arā ko ngā wāhine ēnei e uru mai ana ki roto i te whakapapa (Milroy 2015). / Let me follow with some words naming the types of whakapapa of the Māori. One is whakamoe, that is when wives are included in the genealogy.
2. right up to, right until.
Kāti, i haere tonu ngā amuamu mō ngā hokohoko whenua, tae rā anō ki te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1860 (TTR 1900:394). / Complaints over land sales continued right up to the end of the 1860s.
kākarauri
1. (verb) to be dusk.
Haere ai te mano ki Takapuna āhuareka ai, tākarokaro ai, i ngā wa e wātea ana i te mahi. Whiti ai ki ngā tima i ngā hāora katoa, i te ata, ahiahi noa, kākarauri noa, pōuri noa (KO 14/6/1884:3). / Thousands go to Takapuna for entertainment and recreation when they are free from work. The ferries cross all the time, in the morning, afternoon, at dusk and when it's dark.
2. (noun) darkness (including for colour).
Mā te nui o te rino ka kaha atu te kākarauri o te pounamu (Te Ara 2014). / The amount of iron determines the darkness of the green colour.
hui katoa
1. altogether, in all, everything included, collectively, all told, in sum, in toto, taken together.
Nāna anō i waihanga, i whakaemi mai rānei i ngā kauheke ētahi paopao, me ētahi atu momo waiata hoki. Hui katoa e 77 ngā waiata nei (TTR 1998:75). / He composed, or collected from elders, derisive songs and other song genre. Altogether there were 77 of these songs.
uru
1. (verb) (-a,-hina) to enter, go in.
Ko ngā tamariki e uru ana ki tō runga kura o Hukarere e ākona ana ki te taka kai, ki te nēhi tūroro, ki te tuhituhi ringa poto (TKO 1/12/1917:12). / The children entering the upper school of Hukarere are being taught to prepare food, to nurse the sick and to write shorthand.
2. (verb) (-a,-hina) to enlist, enrol, join, be included.
Ka uru a ia ki roto i te tīma toa o tōna rohe i te wā tekau noa iho ōna tau (TWK 38:28). / She joined the champion team of her region when she was just ten years old.
Synonyms: kuhukuhu, tāpiri, whakauru, pāhekoheko, hiki, tūhoto, whakamoemoe, whakatapoko, haumi, honohono, pūtahi, tūhono, tūhonohono, hono, whakakapiti, porotūtaki, porotūtataki, uhono
3. (noun) west.
Uenuku: he atua Māori, tōna kāinga kei ngā kapua pākurakura o te rangi i te marangai, i te uru; he mea anō kei roto kei te āniwaniwa (TKM.MM 3-4/1855:32). / Uenuku: a Māori ancestor of significance, whose residence is in the red clouds of the eastern and western sky; and is also in the rainbow.
See also tonga-mā-uru
mai
1. (particle) this way - indicates direction towards the speaker, or to the person (or thing) who is central to the utterance. Follows ordinary verbs, statives and location words. Like the other three directional particles, atu, iho and ake, it always follows manner particles (i.e. kau, kē, noa, rawa and tonu) if they are present in the phrase.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 27, 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 63-64;)
Kua hoki mai ngā kuaka. / The godwits have returned.
Ka whakanohoia te mōkai kākā ki te take o te taki, e tūtata tonu mai ana ki te whare o te tangata, ko tētehi pito o te turuturu e uru tonu mai ana ki roto i te whare (JPS 1895:136). / The decoy kākā is deposited at the foot of the taki (kākā snare), quite close to the man's hut, one end of the turuturu (support pole) entering right into the hut.
2. (particle) from, since - indicating an extension in time or space. It marks the point from which the time or place is measured.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 64;)
Mai i Te Pakanga Tuarua o Te Ao ki nāianei. / Since the Second World War until now.
E mōhio ana te Kōti Whenua Māori nō tōna whānau ngā pānga nui ki ngā whenua mai i Maketū ki Tauranga, ā, mai i Ōkawa ki Te Rotoiti (TTR 1994:143). / The Māori Land Court knew that her extended family owned the lands from Maketū to Tauranga and from Ōkawa to Rotoiti.
3. (particle) Used with verbs to indicate a perception or attitude towards the speaker.
Ka pātai atu au mehemea ka taea e rātou te tunu mai i aku kai. / I asked if they could cook my food.
4. (particle) Used in narrative to indicate direction towards the main character.
I moe iho a Kupe i te pō ka kite i te atua, i a Io, ka tohutohungia mai ki a ia me whiti mai ia i Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te whenua tērā e whakakitea ki a ia. / Kupe slept that night and saw the atua, Io, who instructed him to cross the Pacific Ocean to the land that had been revealed to him.
5. (particle) including, both - when referring to different kinds of people or things using nouns followed by mai but without a determiner.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 97;)
Kī tonu te wharepuni i te tāngata, Pākehā mai, Māori mai. / The sleeping house was full of people, both Pākehā and Māori.
6. (particle) Used in time expressions, seemingly for emphasis. This usage includes future time expressions.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 121;)
I rongo au i muri mai i haere ia ki Tīpene kura ai. / I heard that after that he went to school at St Stephen's.
Hei te Paraire e heke mai nei tīmata ai te wā whakanui i te koroneihana o Kīngi Tūheitia ki runga i te marae o Tūrangawaewae. / On this coming Friday the celebration of King Tūheitia's coronation begins on Tūrangawaewae marae.
whakauru
1. (verb) (-a,-hia,-ngia,-tia) to insert, put in, enter, apply, enrol, introduce, include, substitute.
Ko ngā purei Ingarihi kua whakaurua ki roto ki ngā tamariki, ā ahuareka rawa ana rātou ki ngā mahi kiriketi, pōro, aha atu (TWMNT 13/1/1874:11). / English games have been introduced among the children, and they really like cricket, football, and other games.
2. (verb) to form an alliance, join, ally oneself with.
Whakauru mai ana hoki ngā hapū e whā o Heretaunga i raro i tō rātou rangatira, i a Te Hāpuku (TTR 1990:204). / The four hapū of Hawke's Bay also formed an alliance under their chief, Te Hāpuku.
Synonyms: haumi, honohono, pūtahi, tūhono, tūhonohono, kuhukuhu, whakakapiti, porotūtaki, porotūtataki, uhono, hono, tāpiri, pāhekoheko, hiki, tūhoto, uru, whakamoemoe, whakatapoko
3. (modifier) admission, entrance, enrolling.
Ko te karakia whakauru mō ngā mema me whakahaere i roto i te whare karakia (TP 10/1910:4). / The admission service for the members should be held in the church.
4. (noun) enrolment, registration, admission, entry, participation.
Synonyms: whakaurunga, rēhita, rēhitatanga
5. (noun) membership.
Ko te whakauru ki taua karapu me ngau te tangata ki te paepae hamuti, kātahi anō ka mana ki te whai kī i roto i taua whakaminenga (TTT 1/2/1927:533). / For the membership of that club a person must undertake an initiation ritual and only then is he able to have speaking rights in that assembly.
Synonyms: mematanga
6. (noun) ally.
Ka whakakaongia e Te Waharoa tāna ope taua, o Ngāti Hauā, o Ngāti Maniapoto, o Waikato; kātahi, ka haere ki te whakapā atu ki ōna whakauru o Ngāi Te Rangi i Tauranga (TTR 1990:2). / Te Waharoa gathered together his army of Ngāti Hauā, Ngāti Maniapoto and Waikato warriors and then went to join his Ngāi Te Rangi allies at Tauranga.
hāunga
1. (particle) besides, except, not including, apart from, notwithstanding, not counting, excluding, despite.
Hāunga a Hōne, whai ana i ngā tapuwae o te pāpā ki ngā mahi rēhi hōiho (TTR 1998:3). / Apart from John who followed in the footsteps of his father into horse racing.
Hāunga rā, i mau tonu tana ratonga nēhi mō ngā Māori o ngā nohonga kāinga e rua e tata tonu ki tōna kāinga, me ērā tāngata atu anō hoki o te hapori (TTR 2000:163). / Despite that, she continued to provide nursing services to Māori at two nearby settlements and to other residents in the community.
tapeke
1. (verb) to be included, covered, leaving none out.
Nā, ko ngā whare, arā ko ngā whare nohoanga tangata katoa, ko ngā pāhoka, ko ngā tēneti, ko ngā whare e moea ana e te tangata, ko ngā kaipuke rānei, e tapeke katoa ki roto ki te ritenga o tēnei Ture (TKM.MM 20/9/1862:19). / The houses shall include all buildings people live in, huts, tents, buildings people sleep in, and also ships, they are all included in the provisions of this Act.
2. (verb) to total, adding up to, in total.
Ka huihui ngā iwi katoa o Waikato, tapeke rawa ake kotahi mano tōpū (W 1971:383). / All the tribes of Waikato assembled, two thousand in total.
3. (noun) total, sum, score (result of a game).
Nā, hui katoa ngā utu o ngā kai katoa, koirā te tapeke (HJ 2012:255). / Now, the prices of all the produce together, that's the total.
4. (noun) balance (of a bank account).
karakia
1. (verb) (-tia) to recite ritual chants, say grace, pray, recite a prayer, chant.
Nā, ka mahia e ngā tohunga ka unuhia ngā rito kōrari, ka karakiatia kia mōhiotia ai, ka mate ka ora rānei (M 2005:280). / Now, the tohunga plucked the centre shoots of the flax, and recited incantations over them to ascertain whether the result would be defeat or victory.
Synonyms: inoi
2. (noun) incantation, ritual chant, chant, intoned incantation, charm, spell - a set form of words to state or make effective a ritual activity. Karakia are recited rapidly using traditional language, symbols and structures. Traditionally correct delivery of the karakia was essential: mispronunciation, hesitation or omissions courted disaster. The two most important symbols referred to in karakia are of sticks and food, while the two key actions are of loosing and binding. Individual karakia tend to follow a pattern: the first section invokes and designates the atua, the second expresses a loosening of a binding, and the final section is the action, the ordering of what is required, or a short statement expressing the completion of the action. The images used in karakia are from traditional narratives. There were karakia for all aspects of life, including for the major rituals, i.e. for the child, canoe, kūmara, war party and the dead. Karakia for minor rituals and single karakia include those for the weather, sickness, daily activities and for curses and overcoming curses. These enabled people to carry out their daily activities in union with the ancestors and the spiritual powers.
Hanga rawa anō tōna whare wānanga, hei akonga mō ngā tamariki ki ngā tini karakia, ki tō rātou atua tapu, te karakia mākutu, te karakia ātahu, te karakia wehe, te karakia taupō, te karakia hono i te iwi whati, te karakia whakahoki mākutu, te karakia patu i ngā tapu, te karakia i ngā kanohi pura, te karakia mō te raoa, te karakia mō te haere ki te whawhai, te karakia whakaara i ngā tapu, te karakia kia ua te rangi, te karakia kia mao te ua, te karakia kia whatitiri, kia rū te whenua, kia maroke ngā rākau, kia maroke te wai, kia ngaru te moana, kia rokia te moana, kia haere mai ngā ika taniwha o te moana, ngā ngārara o te tuawhenua, te karakia o te huamata, te pure o te hua mai o te tau, te karakia o te kawenga ki roto i te rua tāhuhu, i te rua kōpiha rānei, te karakia o te tomokanga ki te ngāherehere, o te whakaputanga mai rānei i ngā manu mate ki waho o te ngahere, te karakia o te whakaatahanga o te whare o te whakatuheratanga hoki o te whare, te karakia o te nehunga tūpāpaku, te karakia o te whānautanga tamariki, o te whakaputanga hoki ki waho i te whare kōhanga, o te tohinga rānei i te ingoa (TJ 20/6/1899:3). / He built his academy of learning to teach the children the many ritual chants, their sacred god, karakia for witchcraft, to bewitch, to divert affections, for ?ulcers, to mend broken bones, to counter witchcraft, to kill using tapu, for blindness, for choking, for going into battle, to lift tapu, for rain, for rain to cease, to cause lightning, to cause earthquakes, to make trees dry up, to dry up water, to make the sea rough, to calm the sea, to attract large fish of the ocean and insects of the land, karakia for planting, to lift the tapu on a harvest to ensure a plentiful crop, for storing crops in covered pits or pits, karakia for entering the forest or for bringing dead birds out of the forest, karakia for building and opening buildings, for burying the dead, or childbirth and for leaving the house for childbirth and of the naming ceremony.
See also karakia whakahorohoro, karakia whati, karakia haumanu, karakia kikokiko, karakia whakaū
Synonyms: kaha
3. (noun) prayer, grace, blessing, service, church service - an extension of the traditional term for introduced religions, especially Christianity.
tapu
1. (stative) be sacred, prohibited, restricted, set apart, forbidden, under atua protection - see definition 4 for further explanations.
I taua wā ko Te Riri anake te tangata o Ngāti Hine e kaha ana ki te noho i aua whenua. Ko te mea hoki e tapu katoa ana te whaitua nei, pokapoka katoa ana ngā hiwi i ngā rua tūpāpaku (TTR 1998:82). / At that time Te Riri was the only person of Ngāti Hine who wanted to live on the property, because the area was tapu and the surrounding hills were riddled with burial caves.
Synonyms: whakaihi, rohe, kura, whakatapu, puaroa, taparere, apiapi, rāhui, kōpiri, ārikarika
2. (modifier) sacred, prohibited, restricted, set apart, forbidden, under atua protection - see definition 4 for further explanations.
Kei te maumahara tonu ngā uri o Te Whiti ki te tūruapō, arā, te maunga tapu kei te tonga, kei tōna ātārangi he rākau, e pae rua ake ana i tōna peka ngā manu mōhio a Mumuhau rāua ko Takeretō (TTR 1994:172). / It is remembered by Te Whiti's descendants, namely that there is a sacred mountain to the south and in its shadow there is a tree with a branch and on this branch are two birds of knowledge, Mumuhau and Takaretō.
3. (modifier) holy - an adaptation of the original meaning for the Christian concept of holiness and sanctity.
Otiia hei minita anō rātou i roto i tōku wāhi tapu, hei tiaki i ngā kūwaha o te whare, hei minita ki te whare (PT Ehekiera 44:11). / Yet they shall be ministers in my sanctuary, having charge at the gates of the house, and ministering to the house.
4. (noun) restriction, prohibition - a supernatural condition. A person, place or thing is dedicated to an atua and is thus removed from the sphere of the profane and put into the sphere of the sacred. It is untouchable, no longer to be put to common use. The violation of tapu would result in retribution, sometimes including the death of the violator and others involved directly or indirectly. Appropriate karakia and ceremonies could mitigate these effects. Tapu was used as a way to control how people behaved towards each other and the environment, placing restrictions upon society to ensure that society flourished. Making an object tapu was achieved through rangatira or tohunga acting as channels for the atua in applying the tapu. Members of a community would not violate the tapu for fear of sickness or catastrophe as a result of the anger of the atua. Intrinsic, or primary, tapu are those things which are tapu in themselves. The extensions of tapu are the restrictions resulting from contact with something that is intrinsically tapu. This can be removed with water, or food and karakia. A person is imbued with mana and tapu by reason of his or her birth. High-ranking families whose genealogy could be traced through the senior line from the atua were thought to be under their special care. It was a priority for those of ariki descent to maintain mana and tapu and to keep the strength of the mana and tapu associated with the atua as pure as possible. People are tapu and it is each person's responsibility to preserve their own tapu and respect the tapu of others and of places. Under certain situations people become more tapu, including women giving birth, warriors travelling to battle, men carving (and their materials) and people when they die. Because resources from the environment originate from one of the atua, they need to be appeased with karakia before and after harvesting. When tapu is removed, things become noa, the process being called whakanoa. Interestingly, tapu can be used as a noun or verb and as a noun is sometimes used in the plural. Noa, on the other hand, can not be used as a noun.
(Te Kōhure Textbook (Ed. 2): 237-240; Te Kōhure Video Tapes (Ed. 1): 6;)
Kāore he kai maoa o runga i tēnei waka, i a Tākitimu, nā te tapu. He kai mata anake (HP 1991:9). / There was no cooked food on this canoe, on Tākitimu, because it was tapu. There was only raw food.
Ko tēnei i muri nei he karakia whakahorohoro i ngā tapu o ngā tāngata (TWMNT 3/4/1872:58). / The following is a ritual chant to remove the tapu of people.
See also rāhui
Synonyms: poropeihana, apiapi, aukatinga, here, kōpiri, rāhui
ngāti māua
1. us, we - this idiom includes the speaker and one other or others, however it doesn’t include the listener. Sometimes appears as ngāi māua.
E kui, ka nui te kaha o te whawhai o konei. E kui, kāore au e mōhio āwhea mutu ai, heoi anō me tatari tātau ki te mutunga. Kei te heke iho pea te tāima e mutu ai. E kui, kua ngaro wētahi o ngāi māua ki te pō i runga i tēnei whawhai (TKO 15/10/1915:12). / Dear gran, the battle is raging here. Dear gran, I’m not sure when it will cease, however we must wait until the end. Perhaps the end is nearing. Dear gran, some of us have been lost in this battle.
2. (verb) (-tia) to secure.
E whakaae ana te Poari o Te Arawa mā rātou e punga te moni e £250 i ia tau mō ngā tau e rima, mō te oranga o te Pīhopa Māori (TTT 1/6/1928:794). / The Board of Te Arawa agrees that they will secure £250 each year for five years for the Māori Bishop's stipend.
3. (verb) (-a) to fall (of kōwhai flowers).
4. (noun) anchor, lump, swelling.
Kua eke te punga, kua mau ki ngā hoe, kua kori katoa, kua korero i tō rātou reo (TP 1/1911:5). / When the anchor was aboard, they took hold of their oars and they all moved into action and spoke their language.
Synonyms: repe, koropuku, pungapunga, huahua, pukupuku, puku, pōkurukuru, poikurukuru, tipu
5. (noun) tarsal, ankle bone.
He pona kaurori te punga e hono atu ana ki te takakaha me te kapiti (RP 2009:348). / The tarsal is the pivot joint joining the tibia and the fibula.
6. (noun) collateral, security for a loan or a debt.
He mea tuku atu nei e Niniwa aua taonga rā ki te kaitaupua moni, hei punga mō te moni whakatārewa (TTR 2000:26). / Niniwa gave those heirlooms to the pawnbroker as collateral for loans.
Synonyms: whakahaumaru, taituarā
7. (noun) odd number.
8. (noun) eel trap, eel-catching basket.
Ka oti aua punga nei, ka hoatu he poa, arā, he māunu mō roto i aua punga (White 2 1889:112). / When the eel-catching baskets were completed, an enticement was provided, that is bait was placed inside those eel traps.
9. (noun) particle - a small grammatical word that comes before or after a base (i.e. a word that contains the main meanings of a sentence). Some particles indicate grammatical relationships and functions, but other particles limit and define the meaning of bases. Particles that come before bases include: ka, i, te, ki te, kei, tō, taku, o, a, e, mō, nā, he, te. Particles that come after bases include: nei, nā, rā, ana, ai.
Punga: Ngā kupu iti, kikokore o te reo ka tuitui haere i ngā kupu kiko e oti ai he kīanga whai tikanga, he rerenga whai tikanga (HJ 2015:12). / Particles: The small words of the language that lack real meaning but tie together the meaningful words to complete a meaningful phrase or sentence.
10. (noun) coral - a general name.
iho
1. (particle) down, downwards, from above, in a downwards direction - indicates direction downwards towards the speaker, away from the speaker, away from a group, or from someone other than the speaker. Like the other three directional particles, mai, atu and ake, it always follows manner particles (i.e. kau, kē, noa, rawa and tonu) if they are present in the phrase.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 127, 120;)
Heke iho! / Get down!
Nā ka tū iho a Karihi, ka tangi rāua mō te oraititanga o tōna teina (NM 1928:41). / Karihi stood down there and they both wept for the narrow escape of his (Tāwhaki's) younger brother.
2. (particle) after that, following that - used in time expressions, seemingly for emphasis. It often occurs with muri to indicate time after that just mentioned, in the past or future. In these time phrases rawa may be included to indicate a fairly long time after that mentioned, or tonu and tata may be included to indicate a time shortly after that just mentioned.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 121;)
I muri iho i ēnei mea kua kōrerotia ake nei, ka hoki a Mānia ki Hokianga. / After these events spoken about above, Mānia returned to Hokianga.
I muri tata tonu iho i te pōhiri, ka kai rātou. / Immediately after the welcome ceremony they ate.
Nō mua iho anō te mana o te reo o te wahine (Te Ara 2017). / The mana of a woman’s voice is ancient.
Nā, tēnei te tikanga mō ngā kaipuke pākaru. Ka paea tētahi ki uta ka eke, ko te mea mātāmua e whakaaroa e koutou ko ngā tāngata kia whakaorangia; muri iho ngā taonga; muri rawa iho ngā papa, ngā haika, ngā hēra, ngā aha o te kaipuke (TK 1/12/1843:47). / Now, this is the process for wrecked ships. When one runs aground, board it and the first thing that you should consider is the people to be saved; after that it's the cargo; and eventually after that it's the timber, anchors, sails and other parts of the ship.
3. (particle) below, under - emphasises distance with location words, especially raro.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 45;)
See also raro iho
4. (particle) less, worse, shorter, lower - used with some words (e.g. kino, iti, poto and raro) when comparing things, especially when it is a lesser quality or expresses smallness, scarceness, badness, etc. This also applies to verbs created by prefixing whaka- to adjectives such as these.
He iti iho te utu mō te tamariki i te pakeke. / The price for children is less than adults.
Kua kino iho ngā marangai, ngā tauraki, ngā waipuke i ō ngā wā o mua (HJ 2015:184). / Storms, droughts and floods are worse than in former times.
Kua whakaitia iho e au te utu o aku pūtu me aku hū (TWMNT 21/5/1879:420). / The price of my boots and shoes has been reduced.
Synonyms: iti iho, poto iho, whakaheke, whakamahuru, whakararo
5. (particle) straight away - used to show an immediate sequence of events.
I taku taenga ki runga, ka kite iho au kua motu te tupehau o taku waewae. / When I reached the top I saw straight away that the calf of my leg was cut.
6. (particle) Used to indicated a time approaching in the future, especially following heke.
Me tāpiri atu he kōrero whakamārama kia kore ai e pōrahurahu ā tātou tamariki, ā tātou mokopuna ā ngā tau e heke iho nei (RK 1994:113). / Some explanations should be added so that our children and grandchildren in the coming years are not confounded.
7. (particle) Used to reinforce words with negative connotations, such as darkness, sadness, troubles and death. Actions that involve considerable time and effort, or are weightier or have a solemn connotation may also use iho.
Kātahi rātau ka pakanga, ka hinga te hoariri i a rātau, ā, mate iho te kaiwhakahaere o te hoariri (TPH 15/1/1900:6). / Then they fought, they defeated the enemy and the enemy's leader died.
Ka puta ake he paoa i te poka, ānō he paoa nō tētahi kāpura nui; ā pōuri iho te rā me te rangi i te paoa o te poka (PT Whakakitenga 9:2). / There arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened by reason of the smoke of the pit.
Koutou ngā tāngata kai paipa, me whakaaro iho ki ngā mea kino o taua mahi. / You people who smoke should consider the detrimental things about that activity.
8. (particle) only, just, merely, quite - when immediately following noa.
See also noa iho
muru
1. (verb) (-a) to wipe, wipe on, wipe off, rub, rub off, smear, paint, pluck (feathers, etc.).
Ko te waka rā i murua ki te peita mangu (TW 19/10/1878:9/521). / That canoe was painted with black paint.
Synonyms: tā, waituhi, pani, kōmuku, koromuku, kōmuru, kōmukumuku, panipani, peita, hohore, para, kato, kiriūka, ngana, koromaki, kōwhaki, hautoa, muku, mukumuku, kōmuri, kōmeke, kōmekemeke, kōmiri, ūkui, ūkuikui, hūkui, kāuto, aumiri, hikahika, mirimiri, wakuwaku, waku, miri
2. (verb) (-a) to plunder, confiscate, take ritual compensation - an effective form of social control, restorative justice and redistribution of wealth among relatives. The process involved taking all the offending party's goods. The party that had the muru performed on them did not respond by seeking utu. The reasons for a muru included threats to the institution of marriage, accidents that threatened life (e.g. parents' negligence), trampling on tapu, and defeat in war. It could be instituted for intentional or unintentional offences. It only occurred among groups of people who were linked by whakapapa or marriage and linked neighbouring villages in a collective response in the delivery of punishment. The protocols and practices involved would be determined by various factors, including the mana of the victim or offender, the degree of the offence and the intent of the offending party. Before a muru was engaged, the matter of what would be taken would be discussed in detail, as would the size of the taua to perform the muru. Physical violence could occur but generally ended when blood was drawn. A muru sought to redress a transgression with the outcome of returning the affected party back to their original position in society.
Me he rangatira te tangata nōna te pane i morimoria nei, kātahi ka rangona tēnei kupu morimori e whakahuatia ana, mō te morimoringa hoki o te pane tapu o te rangatira nei. Ka tauatia hoki, ka murua ngā taonga, whenua, aha atu rānei, a te tangata nāna i morimori (JPS 1894:28). / If it was a chief whose head was touched, then this word 'morimori' would be used for the action of touching the sacred head of the chief. The person who touched it would be the subject of a hostile party and his goods, land or other property would be plundered.
I tētahi wāhi o Haina e panapana ana te iwi i ngā minita karakia, muru rawa ngā taonga o ngā whare (KO 15/1/1885:2). / In one part of China the people have driven out the church ministers and plundered the possessions of the houses.
Synonyms: hunuhunu, kōhunu, hone, pārure, whakarekereke, romi, marure, mūrei, pāhua, pāhuahua
3. (verb) (-a) to wipe out, forgive, absolve, excuse, pardon, cancel - a modern connotation.
Kei te rapu anō hoki rānei koe kia mātau mehemea kua oti ō hara te muru mō tō tohe tonu ki te inoi, kua hopu rānei koe, he tika kua murua ō hara nō te mea kua pēnā tā te Atua kupu? (THM 1/10/1889:5). / Are you seeking to know if your sins are forgiven because you keep on asking, or is it right that your sins have been forgiven because that is what the word of God says?
4. (verb) (-a) to pluck off (leaves, feathers, etc.).
Ka murua ngā rimurimu, me ngā kohukohu i tōna tinana, ka ora ia i reira (NM 1928:24). / The seaweed and moss were removed from his body and then he revived.
5. (modifier) plundering, looting - especially in seeking ritual compensation.
I a Mita e ngaro ana, ka māuiuitia tana mokopuna, ka mate ki Poihākena. Te hokinga mai, ka tauatia a Mita ki te taua muru i runga i te whakapae nā āna mahi i mate ai tana mokopuna (TTR 1994:126). / While Mita was away his grandson became ill and died in Sydney. On returning here Mita was the subject of a muru party, on the accusation that he had caused his grandchild's death.
6. (modifier) confiscated, plundered.
Kore rawa a Taurua i whakaae kia utua mai ia mō ngā whenua muru (TTR 1990:166). / Taurua never agreed to take any payment for the confiscated land.
7. (noun) confiscation.
I tupea e ia he pōrangi mau pū, i whakaanga atu ia ki ngā rōpū kaipetipeti, me te muru hoki i ngā waipiro takahi i te ture (TTR 1998:9). / He disarmed a deranged gunman, confronted groups of gamblers and confiscated moonshine liquor.
kete tuatea
1. (noun) basket of ancestral knowledge of mākutu and whaiwhaiā and evil, including war - one of the three baskets of knowledge and also includes agriculture, tree or wood work, stone work and earth works.
Tāwhia kia mau, kia ita i roto i te heketanga o te wānanga o ngā karakia o te kete tuatea i a koe, e koro, e! (JPS 1926:107). / Retain and hold firm, be steadfast in the inherited knowledge of the ritual chants of the art of magic that you possess, sir!
See also kete o te wānanga
whakapapa
1. (verb) (-hia,-tia) to lie flat, lay flat.
E kore a Kiki e puta ki waho, engari ka tōia te papa o tōna whare kia tuwhera, ka mate tonu iho te manuhiri, whakapapa tonu te manuhiri i te mate (NM 1928:145). / Kiki would not come out, but when he pulled open the door of his house the visitors fell down dead, they lay out dead.
2. (verb) (-hia,-tia) to place in layers, lay one upon another, stack flat.
Ka whakapapatia ngā mapi ko ngā mea o Aotearoa ki runga. / The maps were placed one on top of the other with the ones of New Zealand on top.
3. (verb) (-hia,-tia) to recite in proper order (e.g. genealogies, legends, months), recite genealogies.
Ko te ingoa o te whare, o te marae rānei, o Ngāti Rangi, ko Tāne-nui-a-Rangi kua whakapapatia ake nei e au (HP 1991:6). / The name of the house, or marae, of Ngāti Rangi is Tāne-nui-a-Rangi which I have set out above.
4. (noun) genealogy, genealogical table, lineage, descent - reciting whakapapa was, and is, an important skill and reflected the importance of genealogies in Māori society in terms of leadership, land and fishing rights, kinship and status. It is central to all Māori institutions. There are different terms for the types of whakapapa and the different ways of reciting them including: tāhū (recite a direct line of ancestry through only the senior line); whakamoe (recite a genealogy including males and their spouses); taotahi (recite genealogy in a single line of descent); hikohiko (recite genealogy in a selective way by not following a single line of descent); ure tārewa (male line of descent through the first-born male in each generation).
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 3; Te Māhuri Study Guide (Ed. 1): 13-14; Te Kōhure Textbook (Ed. 2): 237-240;)
He mea nui ki a tātau ō tātau whakapapa (HP 1991:1). / Our genealogies are important to us.
See also tararere, taotahi, whakamoe, tātai, kāwei, hikohiko, kōhikohiko, tāhū, ure tārewa
tūwāhi
1. (noun) locative, locative noun, location word - those words which follow immediately after i, ki, hei or kei in the sentence. When they are the subject of the sentence they are preceded by a. Names of places, mountains, regions, rivers, marae, etc. are included in this class. Also included is a small group of words which designate place, e.g. runga, mua, tātahi, tāwāhi, uta and waho.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 15, 121; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 54-55;)
Me haere tātou ki tātahi. / Let's go to the beach.
Anei ētahi tūwāhi o te reo Māori: runga, muri, tua, waho, konā, uta (PK 2008:1024). / Here are some locatives of Māori: runga, muri, tua, waho, konā, uta.
