tūmahi oti
1. (noun) stative verb - a verb expressing a state or condition rather than an activity or event. These are called 'neuter verbs' by some grammarians.
I te rerenga kōrero 'i mahue a Mānia i te pahi', he tūmahi oti te kupu 'mahue'. / In the sentence 'i mahue a Mānia i te pahi', the word 'mahue' is the stative verb.
kupumahi oti
1. (noun) stative verb - a verb expressing a state or condition rather than an activity or event. These are called 'neuter verbs' by some grammarians.
He kupumahi whiti anahe te momo kupumahi ka noho pai mai ki muri tonu o te 'hei' - kauaka te kupumahi poro, te kupumahi oti rānei (HJ 2012:65). / Transitive verbs are the only type of verbs that can sit correctly straight after 'hei' - not intransitive verbs or stative verbs.
2. (particle) Combines with nā to form a past tense emphasising who or what did the action.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 30-32; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 41-42;)
3. (particle) at, in, on, along, by way of - used before location words to indicate past location.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 29;)
4. (particle) has, had - used to state who or what had something.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 83;)
5. (particle) from - used with verbs of motion to indicate movement away from the place following.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 25, 26; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 63-64;)
I piki atu rātou i te pūtake o te maunga ki te tihi. / They climbed from the base of the mountain to the summit.
6. (particle) Used with verbs that take a direct object or experience verbs not indicating motion to mark the object or goal of the action.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 41-42, 84;)
Kua kite rātou i Te Maioro Nui Whakaharahara o Haina. / They have seen the Great Wall of China.
7. (particle) Connects a location word with its related noun or noun phrase.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 15-16;)
8. (particle) by, with - used to mark the agent of stative verbs.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 57, 99-100; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 125;)
9. (particle) while, during.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101-102;)
I a ia e moe ana, ka hoki tana whaiāipo ki tōna kāinga. / While she was asleep, her boyfriend returned to his home.
10. (particle) than, in comparison with - used when comparing things.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101;)
11. (particle) because, through, by reason of.
12. (particle) Used in clauses expressing the reason for an action and in 'why' questions.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 23-24; Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 43-44;)
He pukuriri nōku i kōrero pēnei ai. / It was because I was angry that I spoke like that.
13. (particle) per, each, every.
14. (particle) in case ... may, were fortunate, to see whether, if it were not for - used between me and kore to express present or past hypothetical conditions.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 126-127;)
Me i kore koe, kua hinga tō tātou tīma. / If it weren't for you our team would have been defeated.
2. (particle) to, that - to indicate a purpose, wish, or effect. Used in this way if the second verb is passive or a stative, or if the subject of the subordinate clause is different from that of the main clause, i.e. the person, people, thing or things doing the actions in the two parts of the sentence are different. Kia may be used if the person, people, thing or things doing the action in the two parts of the sentence are the same, or is part of a group, if an appropriate personal pronoun is used, e.g. as in the second example sentence.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 98;)
I tonoa rātou kia waiata. / They were asked to sing.
E hiahia ana a Wī kia haere ia ki te wānanga reo (HJ 2017:179). / Wī wanted to go to the Māori language live-in school.
3. (particle) be, let be - indicates that it is desirable for something to occur. Used this way in giving commands involving adjectives (statives) and experience verbs.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 27, 58;)
See also kia kaha
4. (particle) Used to ask and say how many things are needed.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 63;)
Kia hia ngā tīkiti māu? Kia rua. / How many tickets do you need? Two, please.
5. (particle) not yet.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 56-57;)
See also kāore anō ... kia
Synonyms: kīanō
6. (particle) so that, in order that.
See also kia ... ai, kia kore ai ... e ...
8. (particle) so that ... will not/would not.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 31-32;)
See also kia kore ai ... e ...
ki te ...
1. (particle) in the event of, if.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 66-67;)
Ki te mutu te ua, ka haere ngā tamariki ki waho. / If the rain stops the children will go outside.
See also ki
2. (particle) to, that - when followed by a verb ki te marks the infinitive indicating a purpose, wish, or effect. Used in this way if the second verb is in the active or is not a stative, or if the subject of the subordinate clause is the same as that of the main clause, i.e. the person, people, thing or things doing the actions in the two parts of the sentence are the same.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 14, 98;)
3. (particle) with, by - when preceded by a passive verb.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 25;)
kua
1. (particle) has, had, have, will have - a particle used before ordinary verbs and statives denoting that an action is under way or completed, or a state established. It relates to something that has changed from one state to another.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 28; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 19;)
Kua kōwirihia tōna taringa e tana whaea. / His mother has twisted his ear.
2. (particle) used for a present event if this has just started or is starting right now.
3. (particle) no longer - used before kore to express the loss, absence, destruction or departure of something.
Kua kore he toa i tēnei tāone ināianei. / There are no shops in this town now.
See also kua kore
mai
1. (particle) this way - indicates direction towards the speaker, or to the person (or thing) who is central to the utterance. Follows ordinary verbs, statives and location words. Like the other three directional particles, atu, iho and ake, it always follows manner particles (i.e. kau, kē, noa, rawa and tonu) if they are present in the phrase.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 27, 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 63-64;)
Kua hoki mai ngā kuaka. / The godwits have returned.
Ka whakanohoia te mōkai kākā ki te take o te taki, e tūtata tonu mai ana ki te whare o te tangata, ko tētehi pito o te turuturu e uru tonu mai ana ki roto i te whare (JPS 1895:136). / The decoy kākā is deposited at the foot of the taki (kākā snare), quite close to the man's hut, one end of the turuturu (support pole) entering right into the hut.
2. (particle) from, since - indicating an extension in time or space. It marks the point from which the time or place is measured.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 64;)
Mai i Te Pakanga Tuarua o Te Ao ki nāianei. / Since the Second World War until now.
E mōhio ana te Kōti Whenua Māori nō tōna whānau ngā pānga nui ki ngā whenua mai i Maketū ki Tauranga, ā, mai i Ōkawa ki Te Rotoiti (TTR 1994:143). / The Māori Land Court knew that her extended family owned the lands from Maketū to Tauranga and from Ōkawa to Rotoiti.
3. (particle) Used with verbs to indicate a perception or attitude towards the speaker.
Ka pātai atu au mehemea ka taea e rātou te tunu mai i aku kai. / I asked if they could cook my food.
4. (particle) Used in narrative to indicate direction towards the main character.
I moe iho a Kupe i te pō ka kite i te atua, i a Io, ka tohutohungia mai ki a ia me whiti mai ia i Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te whenua tērā e whakakitea ki a ia. / Kupe slept that night and saw the atua, Io, who instructed him to cross the Pacific Ocean to the land that had been revealed to him.
5. (particle) including, both - when referring to different kinds of people or things using nouns followed by mai but without a determiner.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 97;)
Kī tonu te wharepuni i te tāngata, Pākehā mai, Māori mai. / The sleeping house was full of people, both Pākehā and Māori.
6. (particle) Used in time expressions, seemingly for emphasis. This usage includes future time expressions.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 121;)
I rongo au i muri mai i haere ia ki Tīpene kura ai. / I heard that after that he went to school at St Stephen's.
Hei te Paraire e heke mai nei tīmata ai te wā whakanui i te koroneihana o Kīngi Tūheitia ki runga i te marae o Tūrangawaewae. / On this coming Friday the celebration of King Tūheitia's coronation begins on Tūrangawaewae marae.
2. (particle) by, made by, acted on - mā combines with e to form a future tense emphasising who or what will do the action, sometimes called the actor emphatic. This grammatical construction is only used with transitive verbs, not with intransitive verbs, with statives (neuter verbs), or with verbs in the passive.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 65; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 41-42;)
Synonyms: nā
3. (particle) Used with hei to show relationships.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 54;)
4. (particle) by way of, via, through.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 47-48; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 66;)
5. (particle) by means of, on - followed by runga.
Haere ai tō mātau pāpā ki tana mahi mā runga hōiho (HP 1991:27). / Our father went to his work by horseback.
See also mā hea
6. (particle) Used in names for the points of the compass.
He aha rawa te hau e pupuhi mai nei? He marangai mā tonga. / What is the wind that's blowing? It's a south-easterly.
See also marangai-mā-raro, raki-mā-rāwhiti, uru-mā-raki
auare ake
1. not able, not a chance, not at all, missed completely, to no avail, no success, no such luck, no way, no show - this idiom is used to indicate that something was not, or will not be, achieved because the person did not listen to advice, want to do something, or did not have the ability or strength for the task. A verb or stative preceded by te can follow this idiom.
(Te Kōhure Textbook (Ed. 2): 220;)
E toru marama au e whakaako ana i te reo ki a Taringa Kore, auare ake te paku kōrero mai. / I have been teaching the language to No Ears for three months but he hasn't spoken at all.
Synonyms: auare, he aha hoki, rawa, hore rawa, e hawa (e hawa), weta, i neki, tōu ene, e
-nga
1. (particle) A suffix used to make verbs into nouns sometimes called derived nouns. Commonly used with verbs that do not take a direct object and take the passive ending -a and -na, statives and adjectives. These nouns usually mean the place or the time of the verb's action.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 88-89, 123-124;)
2. (particle) A passive ending used with only a few verbs ending in -ai.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 65-67, 84-85;)
2. (particle) those of, the ... of.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 126;)
He paruparu ake ngā hū o Māia i ō Terewai. / Māia's shoes are dirtier than those of Terewai.
3. (particle) Used in the ways listed in 1 and 2 above when the possessor has, or had, no control of the relationship or is subordinate, passive or inferior to what is possessed. Thus, in most contexts in a sentence, words for parts of anything, clothing, adornments associated with the body, things that originate in the body (feelings, ideas, knowledge, beliefs, sins, problems, luck, etc.), parts of the body, qualities, illnesses, transport, water, medicine, buildings, seating, bedding, land, towns, companions, superiors, relatives (not husband, wife, children, grandchildren), taniwha, atua, groups, organisations, tribes and government are likely to take the o category. This includes actions that are regarded as part of the nature of people or animals. O will follow kore and korenga. Derived nouns from statives and verbs will usually take the o category. Experience verbs are also likely to take the o category.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 54-56, 140-141;)
See also o
o
1. (particle) of, belongs to, from, attached to - used when the possessor has, or had, no control of the relationship or is subordinant, passive or inferior to what is possessed. Thus, in most contexts in a sentence, words for parts of anything, clothing, adornments associated with the body, things that originate in the body (feelings, ideas, knowledge, beliefs, sins, problems, luck, etc.), parts of the body, qualities, illnesses, transport, water, medicine, buildings, seating, bedding, land, towns, companions, superiors, relatives (not husband, wife, children, grandchildren), taniwha, atua, groups, organisations, tribes and government are likely to take the o category. This includes actions that are regarded as part of the nature of people or animals. O will follow kore and korenga. Derived nouns from statives and verbs will usually take the o category. Experience verbs are also likely to take the o category.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 52-56, 140-142; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 2, 16, 23, 33-34, 36; Te Pihinga Study Guide (Ed. 1): 9-10; Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 178-179;)
Ko Taki te hoa o Mere. / Taki is Mere's friend.
Koia nā te paterotanga o te kurī. / That's the fart of a dog.
Heke ana ngā roimata o te kuia i te waiatatanga o te hīmene 'Piko nei te Mātenga' (HJ 2012:115). / The elderly woman's tears flowed when the hymn 'Piko nei te Mātenga' was sung.
I te korenga o tana matua i whakaae ki tana whaiāipo, ka eke a Te Miro ki runga i tō rātau waka ko 'Te Punga-i-Orohia' te ingoa, kātahi ka whakatotohu i a ia kia toremi (EM 2002:111). / Because her father did not agree to her lover, Te Miro climbed on their canoe, called 'Te Punga-i-Orohia', then drowned herself.
See also a
2. (determiner) the - when referring to a whole class of things or people designated by the noun that follows.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 48; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 125;)
Kī tonu te wharenui i te tamariki. / The meeting house was full of children.
3. (determiner) Mr, mister, sir - used before people's names to show respect. When used this way it begins with a capital letter.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 190-191;)
Kei Te Wharehuia, tēnei te mihi atu mō tō āwhina mai. / Wharehuia sir, thank you most sincerely for your help.
Synonyms: Mita
4. (determiner) Used in front of another verb following a stative.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 58, 99-100;)
5. (determiner) Used in front of another verb following taea.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 75-76;)
Ka taea e ia tēnei waiata te whakamāori. / She will be able to interpret this song.
6. (determiner) Used before the names for the days of the week.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 30;)
7. (determiner) Sometimes used before numbers with a following noun.
8. (determiner) Used before ordinal numbers including those using tua-.
(Te Māhuri Study Guide (Ed. 1): 12;)
I piki a Tāne-nui-a-rangi ki te tuangahuru mā rua o ngā rangi. / Tāne-nui-a-rangi climbed to the twelfth realm.
9. .
See also i te, kei te ..., ki te ...
tonu
1. (particle) still, continues, unceasing, continuously, simply - a manner particle that denotes continuance, permanence or exactness and follows immediately after the word it applies to. Often used with the verbal particles which have a progressive or continuous sense, i.e. e ... ana, kei te ... and i te ... Where tonu follows a verb in the passive it will take a passive ending also, usually -tia. In this situation the passive ending may be dropped from the verb, but not from tonu.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 57, 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 91-92;)
Mehemea i te ora tonu ia, kua kite i te ātaahua o tana mokopuna. / If she was still alive, she would have seen how beautiful her grandchild is.
I nuku atu i te rua rau ngā waiata i titoa e Tuīni e maumahara tonutia ana i nāianei (TTR 2000:132). / Tuīni composed more than two hundred songs which are still remembered today.
2. (particle) nonetheless, all the same, still - indicates permanence or stability of a procedure, arrangement or idea.
I tū tonu tā mātou kura reo, engari i kawea ki tētahi marae kē atu. / Our language school was still held, but it was taken to another marae.
Synonyms: aua atu (rā)
3. (particle) very, indeed, exceedingly, indeed, even, in fact, right, just, really, only - used to intensify or to emphasise. Often used with statives and adjectives.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 125; Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 119-120;)
Kī tonu te rūma i te wāhine. / The room was full of women.
He matatau tonu a Tio ki te kōrero i te reo Māori. / Joe is very fluent in speaking Māori.
E hia ngā kakī i kitea e kōrua? Kotahi tonu. / How many black stilts did you two see? Only one.
Synonyms: anahe, nahe, anake, matau, tikanga, take, tōtika, matatika, mōtika, rā pea, kē, koia, koia, tinana, koa, katoa, rawa, i neki, inā, ata, rā anō, rānō, tino, tata, ake, noa iho, mārire, mārika, mārie, heipū, ia rā, ia, noa ake, tōkeke, noa, tou, tika, kau
4. (particle) on the contrary, of course, do so, do too, can too, are so - to show disagreement with a statement just made.
Rangi: E mea ana ia kāore ōna hū omaoma. Hine: He hū omaoma tonu ōna. Kei te karo kē pea i te oma (HJ 2015:58). / Rangi: She is saying that she has no running shoes. Hine: On the contrary she does have some running shoes. She is probably dodging the run.
Kei te maumahara tonu au. / Of course I remember.
Synonyms: engari, engaringari, anō, ehara
5. (particle) as soon as, immediately, promptly, forthwith, without difficulty - expresses the idea of immediacy, without delay or with little need for effort.
Pā tonu mai te karanga, ka whakaeke tō mātou ope. / As soon as we heard the call, our party went onto the marae.
6. (particle) quite, fairly, so so - to indicate didn't or hasn't yet reached its full potential or been fully realised.
I pai tonu, engari kāore i inati te pai (HJ 2015:59). / It was quite good, but not exceptional.
Synonyms: tino, noa iho, tou, (ko) tōna ... (nei), kāhua, hengahenga, hangehange, āta, kere, koia, rawa, āhua, anō, noa
7. (particle) almost, just about, virtually.
8. (particle) just like, exactly the same - when following rite.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 26;)
Kātahi, ka whakatika atu tētahi o ngā rangatira, ko Te Taero te ingoa. Anā, rite tonu hoki āna kupu ki ā ngā mitinare (JPS 1990:139). / Then one of the chiefs stood up. His name was Te Taero. Behold, his words were also exactly the same as the missionaries'.
See also rite tonu, he rite tonu, kia rite tonu
Synonyms: anō, me kore ake, me/mai/mei kore ake ..., mai kore ake, mei kore ake, rite tonu
9. (particle) always, all the time, continually (when following rite).
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 29;)
Ko tēnei wāhi i mōhio whānuitia, ā, he rite tonu te peka atu o ngā ope haere ki te whakangā, ki te whakahauora (TTR 1990:74). / This place was well-known and travelling parties stopped off all the time to rest and refresh.
See also rite tonu, he rite tonu
whaka-
1. (particle) to cause something to happen, cause to be - prefixed to adjectives, statives and verbs that do not take a direct object, including reduplicated forms.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
E whakatikatika ana te kaiako i ngā mahi a Hirini. / The teacher is correcting Sydney's work.
2. (particle) Used with a few verbs of perception that take a direct object, i.e. kite, mōhio, rongo, inu, and ako.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
E whakakite ana ia i tana pūtōrino ki ngā whakaminenga. / She is showing her pūtōrino flute to the audience.
3. (particle) When used as a prefix with a stative the word becomes a verb that takes a direct object and takes a passive ending in passive constructions.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
4. (particle) to become a, translate (with names of languages) - prefixed to some nouns to form both verbs that take a direct object and verbs that do not.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
5. (particle) towards, in the direction of - when prefixed to location words, especially mauī, matau, katau, mua, muri, raro, roto, runga and waho, and to nouns, in which case they will be preceded by te. With mauī, matau and katau, te may precede the location word or it may be omitted. With these they are sometimes written as three words separated by hyphens, e.g. whaka-te-moana. These words are normally used only as second, qualifying bases in a phrase.
(Te Kākano Audio Tapes/CDs (Ed. 2): 112;)
I Waihī ka huri whakauta te ope taua ka whai i te whārua o Pongakawa (TTR 1900:171). / From Waihī the war party turned inland and proceeded along the Pongakawa river valley.
Huri whakatemauī! / Turn left, please!
I te atapō tonu ka maunu te pā nei, ka haere, ka ahu whaka-Waikato (JPS 1899:180). / Just before dawn they retreated from this pā, departed and headed towards Waikato.
Ka titiro whakatemoana te iwi rā; hoki rawa mai te titiro kua ngaro te wahine nei (M 2004:160). / The people all looked towards the sea, and when their gaze returned this woman had disappeared.
Ka patua ko Tākaha i Ōtāwhao i te taha whakauta o Waipāwa (TTR 1990:347). / Tākaha was killed at Ōtāwhao on the inland side of Waipāwa.
See also whakawaho, whakatekaraka, whakamauī, whakamatau, whakamua, whakamuri, whakararo, whakaroto, whakarunga, whakatehauāuru, whakatekatau, whakatemarangai, whakatemauī, whakatemoana, whakateraki, whaka-tētehi-taha, whakatetonga, whakateuma, whakateuru, whakatonga, whakauta, whakaterāwhiti
6. (particle) In a few words of some other classes whaka- may also be used, e.g. āe, atu, kāhore and kore.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
Kīhai rāua i whakaae kia haere au ki te pakanga i Irāki. / They did not agree that I should go to the war in Iraq.
7. (particle) a particular use of the prefix whaka- with numerals is for fractions, but this use is uncommon in modern Māori. Used this way as a noun or to follow a noun as a modifier (i.e. as an adjective).
Āta wehea te whakatekau o ēnei moni mō ngā mahi a Ihowā, tō tātou Atua, arā, mō Tōna Hāhi, mō te kawe i te Rongo Pai ki ngā Tauiwi, mō te whāngai rawakore, pouaru, tūroro, me ērā atu tini mahi pai, mahi aroha (TP 1/9/1901:5). / Carefully divide off a tenth of this money for the work of Jehovah, our God, that is, for His Church, for conveying the Gospel to the heathens, for feeding the poor, widows, invalids, and for those many good works and deeds of charity.
See also whakatekau
2. (particle) Used with kinship terms to show relationships - variation of hei.
Hai pāpā ia ki a ia a Te Whaaki (HP 1991:8). / Te Whaaki is an uncle to him.
3. (particle) for, to, as, as a means of - denoting future purpose, intention, etc. In this usage hai is followed by active verbs that take both indirect and direct objects, but is not used with verbs in the passive or with statives.
Kāore hoki rā i tika ngā pao whaiāipo nei hai hīmene ki tōna atua (TP 9/1903:6). / And love ditties are not appropriate as hymns to his god.
tokitoki
1. (modifier) altogether, without exception - follows verbs and statives to indicate that all are included. If a verb is in the passive form, tokitoki will also have a passive ending, usually -tia.
I haere tokitoki atu ngā kaimahi ki te karakia whakamaumahara ki a Kere, kāore tētahi i noho mai ki te tari (HJ 2015:137). / The employees all went to the memorial service to Kere, nobody remained at the office.
Ka mukua tokitokitia āna kōrero, ka tīmata anō (PK 2008:961). / She rubbed out her story completely and began again.
2. (particle) by, made by, acted on - combines with i to form a past tense emphasising who or what did the action, sometimes called the actor emphatic. This grammatical construction is only used with transitive verbs, not with intransitive verbs, with statives (neuter verbs), or with verbs in the passive.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 30-32; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 41-42;)
Synonyms: mā
hei
1. (particle) at, in, on, with - sometimes used of future time or place.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 48;)
See also hai
2. (particle) Used with kinship terms to show relationships.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 54;)
See also hai
3. (particle) for, to, as, as a means of - denoting future purpose, intention, etc. In this usage hei is followed by active transitive verbs, but is not used with intransitive verbs, verbs in the passive or with statives.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 76;)
Anei te oka hei tapahi i te mīti. / Here is the butcher knife to cut the meat.
4. (particle) replaces e to form a negative imperative with kaua.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 67; Te Pihinga Study Guide (Ed. 1): 40-41;)
5. (particle) replaces e in the future grammatical structure to emphasise the agent of an action.
Ka riro mā te wai hei whakanoa. / It is the water's job to remove the tapu.
