tangihanga
1. (noun) weeping, crying, funeral, rites for the dead, obsequies - one of the most important institutions in Māori society, with strong cultural imperatives and protocols. Most tangihanga are held on marae. The body is brought onto the marae by the whānau of the deceased and lies in state in an open coffin for about three days in a wharemate. During that time groups of visitors come onto the marae to farewell the deceased with speech making and song. Greenery is the traditional symbol of death, so the women and chief mourners often wear pare kawakawa on their heads. On the night before the burial visitors and locals gather to have a pō mihimihi to celebrate the person's life with informal speeches and song. In modern times, on the final day the coffin is closed and a church service is held before the body is taken to the cemetery for burial. A takahi whare ritual is held at the decease's home and a hākari concludes the tangihanga.
(Te Pihinga Study Guide (Ed. 1): 80-82; Te Māhuri Study Guide (Ed. 1): 56-57; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 109-112;)
Ka mōhio ana te iwi kāinga he tūpāpaku tō rātau, ka haere katoa mai rātau ki te marae ki te tangi. Ka mutu ana tā rātau nei tangi, kua wātea rātau ki te whakapai i ngā moenga o roto i te wharenui mō ngā ope whakaeke, ā, ki te taka kai anō hoki mā aua ope. Ko tēnei te mahi a te iwi kāinga - he mahi i ngā mahi e pā ana ki tēnei mea ki te manaaki tangata. Ko te mahi a ngā koroua he whaikōrero, he mihi ki ngā ope whakaeke. Ko te mahi a ngā kuia he karanga i ngā ope whakaeke, ā, he tangi. Kāore kē he āwangawanga o te whānau pani ki te manaaki i te manuhiri. Ko tā rātau mahi he noho i te taha o te tūpāpaku tae noa ki te rā e ngaro ai te tūpāpaku ki te kōpū o Papatūānuku...Ka hemo ana te tangata ka uhia ia ki te tapu...Ka haria ake ana te tūpāpaku ki te marae, ka whakatakotoria ki roto i te wharemate...Kātahi ka tīmata te whakaeke mai o ngā manuhiri o ētahi atu wāhi ki te tangi, ki te mihi, ki te poroporoaki ki te tūpāpaku. (RR 1974:20-21). / When the home people know that they have a body of a deceased person they all come to the marae to mourn. When their weeping is finished they are free to prepare the beds in the meeting house for the visiting parties and to prepare food for those groups. This is the task of the home people - carrying out the tasks of providing hospitality. The job of the elderly men is making speeches and greeting the groups coming on. The task of the elderly women is calling on the visiting groups, and weeping. The bereaved family do not have to worry about hosting the visitors. Their task is to sit beside the body right up until the deceased disappears into the womb of Papatūānuku...When a person dies he/she becomes tapu...When the body is taken to the marae it is laid out in a wharemate...Then the visitors of other places begin to arrive to weep, greet and make farewell speeches to the deceased.
See also wharemate, kirimate, whānau pani, pō mihimihi, poroporoaki, pare kawakawa, takahi whare
Synonyms: tangi
2. (noun) sound, playing.
I runga i tana kōhatu a Hinemoa e noho ana i te tangihanga mai o te kōauau a Tūtānekai i Mokoia (TTT 1/6/1927:599). / Hinemoa was sitting on her rock when Tūtānekai played his flute on Mokoia Island.
Synonyms: pureitanga
pō mihimihi
1. (noun) final night at a tangihanga when informal farewells to the deceased are made.
I te pō i mua o te tanumanga o te tūpāpaku, ka hui ngā tāngata katoa ki mua i te wharemate whakangahau ai i te whānau pani, ā, ki te whakanui i te tūpāpaku. E kīia ana ko te pō mihimihi tēnei. / On the night before the burial of the deceased, everybody gathers in front of the wharemate to entertain the breaved family and to honour the deceased. This is called the pō mihimihi (night of greetings).
See also tangihanga
hari mate
1. (noun) mourning ceremony at another marae subsequent to the tangihanga and burial - relatives of the deceased, especially someone of importance, visit as a group the marae of communities. The kawe mate is often at the community's request. A photo is often held by one of the woman at the front of the group to represent the body of the deceased person and is placed on the verandah of the meeting house during the pōhiri.
See also kawe mate
maimai
1. (noun) song of affection for the dead, haka to welcome guest to a tangihanga.
He waiata aroha, he waiata tangi te maimai. He momo haka hoki hei whakatau i te manuhiri ki te tangihanga (RTP 2015:119). / A maimai is a song of affection, a lament. It is also a type of haka to welcome guest to a tangi.
haehae
1. (verb) (-a,-tia) to scratch, draw, cut up, lacerate, tear - to lacerate the limbs, body and even the face with flakes of obsidian at tangihanga, particularly by the wife and close female relatives, was a traditional custom.
Koia mātou i mea ai me whakaoho i ngā hipi kei haehaea pūtia e te wuruwhi (TH 4/1859:1). / That's why we said that we should awaken the sheep lest they be savaged by the wolf.
Synonyms: whakahaehae, hahae, hae, harakuku, hōripi, rarapi, hōripiripi, whakangaeke, tiwha, riwha, nanatu, rakaraka, raraku, rapi, hārau, raku, rapirapi, rakuraku
2. (noun) slashing, tearing, scratching, lacerating, cutting up.
Ka puta a Ao-kehu i te rākau rā, ka tīmata tana haehae i te puku o te taniwha me te māripi (Te Ara 2015). / Ao-kehu appeared and began slashing the stomach of the taniwha with the knife.
Synonyms: harakuku, raraku, rapi, rapirapi, rapirapitanga
3. (noun) parallel grooves between lines of the dog-tooth pattern in carving.
Ko te rauponga. I tēnei tauira, ka tāruaruatia te pākati, ā, ka noho mai ēnei ki roto i ngā haehae, arā, ngā rārangi whakarara ki ia taha (RTA 2014:210). / The rauponga carving pattern. In this example, the pākati pattern of rows of chevron-shaped notches is repeated and these sit inside parallel grooves, that is parallel lines on each side.
maimai aroha
1. (noun) expression of affection, token of affection - including the volley of shots traditionally shot at a tangihanga.
Ka kī tonu taua urupā i te tāngata, kīhai i mene ki roto, tū noa mai ētahi i waho, ka mutu te karakia ka whiua ngā pare puawānanga ki roto ki te poka, ka pūhia e ngā Waranatia ngā waipū e toru, he maimai aroha ki te tūpāpaku (TWMNT 2/10/1872:130). / The cemetery was full up with people and they could not all enter, some stood outside and when the service ended the clematis garlands were thrown into the hole and the Volunteers shot three volleys as a token of affection for the deceased.
2. (noun) song of affection for the dead.
See also maimai
manawawera
1. (verb) to be excited, angry, fanatical, impassioned, passionate, ardent, fervent - sometimes written as two words, i.e. manawa wera.
He tangata kaha a Arapeta ki te whawhai i ngā kaupapa i manawawera ai ia (TTR 1998:178). / Albert was a strong fighter for causes he was passionate about.
Synonyms: remurere, panapana, mate kanehe, kohara, ngākau whiwhita
2. (noun) anger, excitement, volatile nature.
Hai tohu mō te manawawera o Te Pairi, tapaina ana ia e tōna whanaunga tata, e Mita Taupopoki ki te ingoa karanga 'Te Pairi Tarapekepeke' (TTR 1996:219). / To convey Te Pairi's volatile nature, his close relative, Mita Taupopoki, gave him the nickname Te Pairi Tarapekepeke (Te Pairi the leaper).
3. (noun) type of haka with no set movements performed especially at tangihanga, unveilings and after speeches.
(Te Kōhure Textbook (Ed. 2): 69;)
Ka mahia te manawawera kei te kaihaka tonu āna nekeneke i tēnei momo haka. / When a manawa wera is done it's up to the performer to do her own actions with this type of haka.
papakirango
1. (noun) the pattern used on tukutuku panels, cloak hems and finely woven baskets based on the traditional fly swat used by mourners to keep flies away from the deceased during a tangihanga. This pattern represents the warding off of harmful influences.
See also papaki ngaro, papaki rango
papaki ngaro
1. (noun) fly swat, fly swatter, a pattern used on tukutuku panels and cloak hems based on the traditional fly swat used by mourners to keep flies away from the deceased during a tangihanga. This pattern represents the warding off of harmful influences.
See also patu ngaro, patu rango, papaki rango
2. (noun) elevated platform, raised platform - on which the corpse or coffin is laid during the period of the tangihanga.
He waiata tēnei nā te wahine, i a ia e tāwhiriwhiri ana i te kanohi o tana tāne mate i runga i te atamira ki te patu ngaro, he patu rango ki ētahi he papaki rango ki ētahi iwi (M 2006:20). / This is a song by a woman, which she sang as she fanned her dead husband's face as he lay upon the elevated platform, using a patu ngaro, a fan to keep flies away. It is variously known among different tribes as a patu rango and papaki rango (M 2006:21).
kawe mate
1. (noun) mourning ceremony at another marae subsequent to the tangihanga and burial - relatives of the deceased, especially someone of importance, visit as a group the marae of communities. The kawe mate is often at the community's request. A photo is often held by one of the woman at the front of the group to represent the body of the deceased person and is placed on the verandah of the meeting house during the pōhiri.
Ko te haere o te ope nei he kawe mate, he tangi mate i ngā mate o te pakanga - he tangi ki ngā tamariki o Ngāti Porou i hinga ki te pakanga (TKO 31/7/1919:5). / The journey of the party was a kawe mate to weep for the dead of the war - to weep for the children of Ngāti Porou who fell in the war.
See also hari mate
waiata tangi
1. (noun) lament - song of mourning with no set actions sung especially at tangihanga. There are waiata tangi for peaceful deaths, deaths resulting from an accident, murder or having been killed in battle. The most numerous class of the traditional songs.
wharemate
1. (noun) house of mourning - the wharemate may be a special separate structure to the left of the meeting house, or the place where the body lies in the verandah or inside the meeting house, depending on the traditional practice of the particular marae. Traditionally, if the wharemate was a separate temporary building, it would be erected especially for the particular tangihanga and removed immediately after the body was taken off for the burial. Some marae have a permanent building as a wharemate.
Ka haria ake ana te tūpāpaku ki te marae, ka whakatakotoria ki roto i te wharemate. Ki ētahi iwi, ka hangā anō he wharemate hei wāhi takoto mō te tūpāpaku, ka whakatakotoria rānei ki rō tēneti. Ko tēnei te tikanga ki ngā hapū o Tūhoe. Ko te wharemate ka whakatūria ki te taha mauī o te whare. Ki ētahi atu iwi, ka whakatakotoria te tūpāpaku ki te roro o te whare. Ko tēnei tikanga ki ngā hapū o Te Arawa me ngā hapū o te riu o Waikato. Ko te wāhi takoto o te tūpāpaku ko te taha mauī o te kūaha. Nā, ki ngā iwi o te Taitokerau, ka haria te tūpāpaku ki roto rā anō i te wharenui ki reira takoto ai (RR 1974:20-21). / When the body of the deceased is taken to the marae, it is laid inside the wharemate. In some tribes a separate wharemate is built for the body to lie in, or it is laid out in a tent. This is the custom in the subtribes of Tūhoe. The wharemate is erected on the left side of the house. In some tribes the body is laid out in the verandah of the house. This is the custom in the subtribes of Te Arawa and in the Waikato basin. The place where the body lies is to the left of the door. But, in the tribes of Northland the body is taken right into the meeting house to lie there.
I te wā ko Eruera te tiamana o te komiti o te marae o Kōkōhīnau, ka whakaaro ia ki te hanga i tētahi wharemate kia tau anō ai ki te kawa o mua kia mutu ai te whakatakoto i ngā tūpāpaku ki roto i a Ōruataupare (EM 2002:96). / During the time that Eruera was the chairperson of the Kōkōhīnau marae committee, he decided to build a house of mourning so that the traditional protocol could be reestablished, and so that the bodies would no longer be placed to lie inside Ōruataupare meeting house.
See also whare pōtae, whare tauā
2. (noun) bereaved family and chief mourners.
Ko ngā uri wāhine o te tūpāpaku ka noho tonu i tōna taha, tae noa ki te te wā e ngaro ai. Ko ētahi anō hoki o ngā kuia ka noho anō i roto i te wharemate. Ko ēnei uri ka kīia ko te whānau pani, ko te wharemate rānei...Ko te pouaru me te whānau a te tūpāpaku ka noho i te taha mauī o te tūpāpaku, ko ōna whanaunga ka noho i te taha matau (RR 1974:21). / The female relatives of the deceased remain continuously by her side, right up until the time she departs. Some of the elderly women also sit inside the house of mourning. These relatives are all said to be the 'whānau pani', or the 'wharemate' (bereaved family and chief mourners)...The widow/widower and the family of the deceased sit on the left side of the body, while his/her relatives sit on the right side.
See also kirimate, whare pōtae
pare kawakawa
1. (noun) mourning wreath (for the head), chaplet - garland of greenery worn by women at tangihanga.
Hawaiki
1. (location) ancient homeland - the places from which Māori migrated to Aotearoa/New Zealand. According to some traditions it was Io, the supreme being, who created Hawaiki-nui, Hawaiki-roa, Hawaiki-pāmamao and Hawaiki-tapu, places inhabited by atua. It is believed that the wairua returns to these places after death, and speeches at tangihanga refer to these as the final resting place of wairua.
I kī rā ahau he tohu aua whetū. Koia nei hoki te kāpehu a ō tātou tūpuna i whakawhiti mai ai i Hawaiki (TTT 1/7/1922:3). / I have stated that those were navigational stars. they were the compass of our ancestors who migrated here from Hawaiki.
2. (noun) mourning wreath (for the head), chaplet - garland of greenery worn by female mourners at a tangihanga.
Kātahi ka whatiwhati i ngā rau o te rākau, he whiro e tupu ana i te taha o te rori, ka hangā hei tauā mō tana māhunga (TWK 27:36). / Then she broke off leaves of a tree, a willow growing beside the road, and made a mourning wreath for her head.
Synonyms: pare kawakawa
tangi
1. (verb) (-hia) to cry, mourn, weep, weep over.
2. (verb) (-hia) to sing, make a sound.
He manu te kōmako; ka tangi ana i te awatea, ka tangi tētahi i konei, ka tangi tētahi i korā; nā, i te pō ka tangi ko tētahi anake, ka kīia ko tērā te toa (JPS 1956:201). / The bellbird is a bird which, when it sings in the daytime one will sing here another from somewhere else; and, when one sings alone in the night, that is said to be the male bird.
Synonyms: tangitangi
3. (verb) (-hia) to ring (of a bell), chime.
4. (noun) sound, intonation, mourning, grief, sorrow, weeping, lament, salute, wave.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 94-95;)
Ka rongo ngā hōia i roto i te pā i te tangi o te piukara, ka pikipiki ki runga ki ngā tāepa o te pā (TPH 7/7/1905:5). / When the soldiers in the fort heard the sound of the bugle they climbed onto the palisades of the fort.
Synonyms: oha, tangitangi, taurangi, taukuri, waiata tangi, apakura, pihe, rurutu, taurere, mihi, uhunga, takuate, keka, mōteatea, rutu, tūkeka, matatangitangi
5. (noun) pitch (music).
Ko te tangi tētahi o ngā āhuatanga puoro matua, arā, ko te kaha tīkā, te kaha mārū rānei o tētahi oro (RTP 2015:99). / Pitch is one of the main elements of music, namely the degree of highness or lowness of a note (RTP 2015:99).
6. (noun) rites for the dead, funeral - shortened form of tangihanga.
Kei roto i ngā tangi ngā tikanga tuku iho, kāre anō kia rerekē ahakoa te whakaaweawe a te Pākehā (Te Ara 2013). / Traditional practices are maintained in tangi, which have changed little despite Pākehā influence.
See also tangihanga
Synonyms: tangihanga
kōkuhu
1. (verb) (-a,-na,-tia) to insert, introduce, intrude (into a series or company).
Ki te kīia tō reo e te reo kōkuhu he ngoikore, i te mea kāore e taea e ia te ao hou te kōrero, me kī atu koe, "Aua atu. Hei aha mā mātou." (HM 2/2009:10). / If it is stated by the introduced language that your language is weak, that it's not able to talk about the modern world, you should say, "So what. That doesn't matter to us."
2. (verb) (-a,-tia) give secretly, give quietly, give surreptitiously - used of giving koha in person directly and unobtrusively to the rangatira or a member of the bereaved family at a hui or tangihanga.
I ētahi wā kua heria hunatia atu te whakaaro ki te wharemate. Ko tērā whakaaro mā te kirimate. Kāore he whaipānga atu o te marae ki tērā whakaaro. I ētahi wā kua kōkuhutia atu te whakaaro ki roto i te ringa o te rangatira o te tangata whenua i te wā e ohaoha ana, e rūrū ana rānei (TWK 39:16). / Sometimes the gift is taken secretly to the people in the place where the body lies. That gift is for the bereaved family. The marae has no claim on that gift. Sometimes the gift is given surreptitiously into the hand of the leader of the local people at the time when they are each other or shaking hands.
See also koha
3. (modifier) surreptitiously, furtively, secretly, covertly.
Kāore rānei ngā Māori kōpūrua e haere kōkuhu atu ki taua takiwā tapu ki te hari atu i ana hani whakamate? (KO 15/1/1885:8). / Will the vacillating Māori go surreptitiously to that area of prohibition to take his destructive weapon?
Synonyms: tārehu, torohū, toropuku, whakamokeke, muna, ngaro, tōngā, hū, puku
4. (noun) insertion, insert.
Ka taea anō te whai i te tikanga o ngā tauira o runga ake nei, me te kōkuhu atu i te ‘kore’ ki roto (HKK 1999:83). / The use of the pattern above can also be used with the insertion of 'kore'.
kanohi kitea
1. (verb) to have a physical presence, be seen, represent.
Kāti rā, nō te tau 1926 i pōtitia ia ki te kaunihera ā-rohe o Te Wairoa, hei kanohi mō te takiwā o Waiau. I aua rā, kāore e kanohi kitea ana te Māori i ēnei momo rōpū (TTR 1998:12). / Well, in 1926 he was elected to the Wairoa County Council to represent the Waiau Riding. In those days Māori were not represented in these types of organisations.
2. (noun) seen face, physical presence - a term to express the importance of meeting people face to face, and to also be a face that is known to and seen within a community and at important gatherings, such as tangihanga.
He tamaiti pai, he kanohi kitea i ngā tangihanga me ngā huihui (EM 2002:60). / He was a good boy, a face seen at tangihanga and gatherings.
3. (noun) raid, incursion - applied to a chief who raids the lands of another tribe. His face is seen where he has no business to be, at least in arms.
