parahanga
1. (noun) rubbish, litter, scraps, rubbish dump, pollution.
He nui ngā ratonga a ngā kaunihera, atu i te whakahaere i ngā whare pukapuka ki te whakawātea i ngā parahanga (Te Ara 2012). / The councils provide a wide range of services, from organising public libraries to clearing waste.
Synonyms: ruapara, whakapoke, paka, para, rāpihi, kohe, karaweta, toenga, parapara, pakapaka, kauamo, otaota, kauhoa, punipuni, amo, kapurangi, whataamo
2. (verb) (-tia) to cook.
Nā Te Rupe anō, i tāmaoa atu ki te waka hākari (M 2007:90). / It was Te Rupe again, who cooked them for the feasting canoe (M 2007:91).
See also tāmaoa
whakamate
1. (verb) (-a,-ngia,-tia) to put to death, kill, execute, cause to be sick.
Ka whakamatea a Kereopa mō te kōhuru i a Te Wākana, 1872 (Ma 1888:3). / Kereopa was executed for the murder of Mr Volkner, 1872.
Synonyms: tinei, patu, tope, tukituki, whakahinga
2. (modifier) contaminated, polluted, infected.
Tū kē ana te ihu i te rerenga mai o te piro i ngā wai whakamate (KO 13/12/1882:6). / Smelling the stench of the contaminated water.
Synonyms: poke
3. (modifier) killing, slaying.
Kātahi ka karakia i tōna paihana whakamate tangata (JPS 1894:169). / Then he recites his man-killing incantation.
4. (noun) killing, destruction, slaying.
Tū kaha ana rātou i ngā take tiaki taiao, pērā i te keringa o ngā kirikiri i te one o Pākiri, te whakamate i te kiore i te moutere o Hauturu, te rāhuitanga hoki o ngā tohu whenua nui ki te iwi (Te Ara 2014). / They were also at the forefront of many issues of preservation of the environment, including the taking of sand from Pākiri Beach, the destruction of rats on Hauturu Island, and the preservation of cultural heritage sites important to the people.
whakapoke
1. (verb) (-a) to desecrate, defile, infect.
E ai ki ngā kōrero tupuna a Ngāi Tahu kua whakatūpato kētia a Tama-i-hara-nui kua tātaingia e Ngāti Toa kia nukaia a ia me te rongo anō hoki nā rātou i whakapoke te urupā o tētahi o ana whanaunga (TTR 1990:146). / According to Ngāi Tahu traditions, Tama-i-hara-nui had already been warned that Ngāti Toa were planning treachery, and also heard that they had desecrated the grave of one of his relatives.
2. (noun) uncleanness, squalor, dirtiness, filth, pollution, contamination.
Na me pēnā tā koutou wehe i ngā tama a Iharaira i ō rātou whakapoke; kei mate rātou i ō rātou poke, ina whakapokea e rātou tōku tāpenakara e tū na i roto i a rātou (PT Rewitikuha 15:31). / Thus shall ye separate the children of Israel from their uncleanness; that they die not in their uncleanness, when they defile my tabernacle that is among them.
Synonyms: parahanga
poke
1. (stative) to be soiled, dirty, sordid, foul, squalid, sleazy, filthy, polluted, infected.
Synonyms: whakamate
2. (modifier) soiled, dirty, sordid, foul, squalid, sleazy, filthy, polluted.
Ko te tino tautauhea o ngā Māori o reira, tutū ana te puehu i a rātou i runga i ngā tikanga poke o te waipiro (KO 15/12/1884:3). / The Māori there are quite debauched, and they cause disturbances due to the sordid effects of liquor.
takakino
1. (verb) (-hia,-tia) to destroy, spoil, mistreat, abuse, ill-treat, vandalise, pollute.
Kāore i hapa tā Te Whitu, tuku ana te wahine i a rātou kia romiromitia, kia mātakitakitia e te hātana, ā, kia takakinotia i te nui o tō rātou whakapono ki ngā mahi tohunga (TP 10/1904:2). / Nothing that Te Whitu had said was missed, the women allowed themselves to be massaged and gazed at by the heathen and to be abused because of their belief in the witchcraft.
Synonyms: paitini, paihana, rurerure, pārure, whakamanioro, tunuhuruhuru, takahanga, maukino, tūkino, whakakinokino, takahi, kangakanga, whakamania, whakakino
2. (noun) destruction, abuse.
I tana pōuri mārika, kauwhau ana ia ki a tauiwi, mō tā rātou takatakahi, tā rātou takakino i te Rā Hāpati (TWK 16:11). / Because of his despondency, he lectured the foreigners about their disregard and abuse of the Sabbath.
paitini
1. (loan) (verb) (-hia,-tia) to poison, contaminate, pollute.
I paitinitia ngā paihamu o te ngahere. / The possums of the bush were poisoned.
Tērā tētahi tangata, he Pānioro, i mau herehere i ngā rēpara (arā te iwi whenua o taua motu i whawhai nei ki Pānioro) paitinitia ana e ia ngā kai mō Akuināro, he tianara nō ngā rēpara (TJ 6/10/1898:5). / There was a Spaniard, who was a prisoner of the rebels (that is the indigenous people of that country who fought the Spanish) who poisoned the food for Aguinaldo, a rebel general.
2. (loan) (modifier) toxic, poisonous, venomous.
Ka taea te hoko ngā waipiro paitini ki ngā Māori (TP 12/1911:8). / Poisonous alcohol would be able to be sold to the Māori.
Synonyms: paihana
3. (loan) (noun) poison, toxin, venom, contamination, contagion.
E kōrerotia ana ko tētahi awa kei Kakaramea i te Hāwera, he paitini, i mate ngā Pākehā i te inumanga i te wai o taua awa (TJ 6/10/1898:12). / It is said that a river at Kakaramea in the Hāwera is polluted, and Pākehā have got sick by drinking that river’s water.
Synonyms: paihana
2. (loan) (modifier) poisonous, toxic.
Ki tā mātou whakaaro i tīkina e ngā pī ā rātou kai i ngā puāwai paihana, i ngā wāhi rongoātanga hipi rānei (TP 3/1901:7). / We think that the bees brought their food from poisonous flowers, or from sheep dips.
Synonyms: paitini
3. (loan) (noun) poison, toxin, contamination, contagion.
Ko tētahi āhua, he tere te haere o te paihana i roto i ngā toto, ā, kāore anō kia whaturama te tinana kua hemo te tūroro (TTT 1/5/1922:8). / A symptom is the rapid spread of the poison in the blood and before the body develops scrofulous swellings the infected person dies.
Synonyms: paitini
rāhui
1. (verb) (-ngia,-tia) to put in place a temporary ritual prohibition, closed season, ban, reserve - traditionally a rāhui was placed on an area, resource or stretch of water as a conservation measure or as a means of social and political control for a variety of reasons which can be grouped into three main categories: pollution by tapu, conservation and politics. Death pollutes land, water and people through tapu. A rāhui is a device for separating people from tapu things. After an agreed lapse of time, the rāhui is lifted. A rāhui is marked by a visible sign, such as the erection of a pou rāhui, a post. It is initiated by someone of rank and placed and lifted with appropriate karakia by a tohunga.
(Te Kōhure Textbook (Ed. 2): 226-227;)
Ka rāhuitia ngā pipi, ka oha (W 1971:237). / When the cockles are protected from being harvested they become plentiful.
See also whatu
Synonyms: tapu, poropeihana, whakakati, whakatapu, tūrāhui, toe, wehe, whakakawhena, haumi, porowhita, tāpui, whakaputunga, whenua rāhui
2. (modifier) reserved, restricted access, restricted.
I pā ā-tinana tonu a Īhāia ki ngā whakahaere a te kōti whenua i te wā o ngā huihuinga autō mō te poraka o Waikōpiro me ētahi atu, nō mua kē atu he whenua rāhui i kōwhakina mai i te poraka o Waipukurau (TTR 1994:30). / Ihaia had personal experience of the operations of land court during the protracted hearings concerning the Waikōpiro block and others, which were originally reserves separated off from the Waipukurau block.
Synonyms: apiapi, kōpiri, ārikarika, taparere, tapu, nguengue, whakamōwai, memeke, tāpui, whakatōngā, hūnguengue, konekone, nohopuku, tōngā, wahangū
3. (noun) warning sign that a rāhui is in place, sanctuary, resource reserve, temporary prohibition.
Ko te pou rāhui te tohu o te rāhui, he mea pani ki te whero. Hei ētahi wā ka whakairia he kākahu, he hukahuka, he rarauhe rānei hei tohu i te rāhui. He wā ko te rangatira tonu ka whakatau i te rāhui (Te Ara 2013). / A rāhui was often indicated by a post painted red. Sometimes clothing, a lock of hair, or bracken fern might be hung to signal a rāhui. Sometimes a chief would place the rāhui.
Synonyms: whakamaurutanga
koeke
1. (verb) (-tia) to mature, grow old.
I a ia ka koeketia, i te kaha tonu ki te ārahi i tōna iwi, i a Tūhourangi me te iwi kāinga i Te Whakarewarewa; kāore tētehi take e ara, māna rawa e whakamana (TTR 1994:126). / When he reached old age he continued to lead Tūhourangi and the people of Whakarewarewa; nothing could be done without his approval.
Synonyms: whatutoto, whakapakeke, pāhake, pakeke, taipakeke, tūpakeke, pakari, taikaumātua
2. (verb) (-tia) to distend, inflate, expand.
Kua koeketia te poho o te wahine nei (W 1971:123). / This woman has distended her chest.
3. (noun) elderly man, old man, adult.
Nā tōna pāpā ake me ngā koeke i whāngai ki ngā kai mārō a tōna iwi, ā, whakangaua rawatia ki te paepae (TTR 1994:124). / His own father and the elders fed him the deep knowledge of his people, and initiated him.
Synonyms: korokoroua, ruānuku, kaumātua, pēperekōu, nehe, tāua, kokoro, koroua, tauheke, koroheke, pou
4. (noun) grasshopper.
5. (noun) shrimp, Paratya curvirostris - a species of freshwater shrimp endemic to Aotearoa/New Zealand. Found from North Island to Stewart Island, and including the Chatham Islands.
Synonyms: kōuraura, mōwhīwhiti, tarawera, kōura rangi, uraura
6. (noun) North Island freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops planifrons - found in native forest, exotic forest, and pastoral waterways, but very rarely in urban streams because of chemical pollution, increased flood flows from stormwater inputs, and degradation of habitat.
kēwai
1. (noun) freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops planifrons - found in native forest, exotic forest, and pastoral waterways, but very rarely in urban streams because of chemical pollution, increased flood flows from stormwater inputs, and degradation of habitat.
E kitea ana te kēwai kei ngā kōawa, ngā roto me ngā repo puta noa i te takiwā (Te Ara 2015). / The freshwater crayfish are found in streams, lakes and swamps throughout the country.
kōura
1. (noun) salt-water crayfish, the southern rock lobster, red rock lobster, spiny rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii - a species of spiny lobster found throughout coastal waters of southern Australia and New Zealand including the Chatham Islands.
Ka nui te whaikōrero, ka tukua te kai, arā, te tuna, te inanga, te kōura, te toitoi (JPS 1901:74). / After a lot of speech-making, food was presented, that is eels, whitebait, crayfish and giant bully.
Synonyms: matapara, kōura papatea
2. (noun) packhorse rock lobster, Jasus verreauxi - found in the north and east of the North Island, live around rocky reefs at depths of 5 to 275m. Larger and have a slightly greener colour than rock lobster (crayfish). Distinguished by its much larger body size, smoother tail and its very broad carapace.
Synonyms: pawharu
3. (noun) North Island freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops planifrons, South Island freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops zealandicus - found in native forest, exotic forest, and pastoral waterways, but very rarely in urban streams because of chemical pollution, increased flood flows from stormwater inputs, and degradation of habitat.
