2. (transitive verb) describe.
kupuāhua
1. (noun) adjective - a word that describes a person or thing or gives extra information about them. In Māori these words often come after he or after a noun, in which case they are called modifiers in this dictionary. They are often words that can also be used as nouns or verbs in other contexts.
Ko wai mā hei hoa piri tata mōna i te rerenga - ko kupumahi rānei (ā, me he kupumahi, ko ēhea momo kupumahi), ko kupuingoa rānei, ko kupuāhua rānei, ko kupu whakakāhore rānei, ko wai kē atu rānei (HJ 2015:7). / What goes as a close complement for it in the sentence - a verb (and if it's a verb which type of verb), a noun, an adjective, a negative, or what else.
pawa
1. (noun) smoke - smoke was used to resuscitate someone who has drowned as described in the example sentence.
Ki te kitea kauaka ngā kākahu e unuhia, kia tere te tahu i te ahi, hoatu ngā rākau mākū ki runga me ngā rau mākū, kia kore ai e mura te ahi, kia nui ai te pawa. Ka hāpai i te tūpāpaku ka pare i te mātenga, māhunga, upoko ki raro, ko ngā waewae ki runga, ko te whai kia tomo atu te pawa ki roto o te ihu. Ki te tihe te tūpāpaku me mutu, me tuku ki raro ki tahaki; ki te kore e tihe, ka puta mai te huka i te waha, i te ihu rānei, me mutu (TP 1/11/1902:10). / If one's found, don't remove the clothes, but quickly light a fire and place damp vegetation on it with wet leaves so that the fire will not blaze and there is plenty of smoke. Elevate the body with the head facing down and the legs up so that the smoke enters the nose. If the body sneezes you should stop and it should be placed to the side; if it doesn't sneeze and froth comes out of the mouth or nose you should stop.
rawa
1. (particle) indeed, really, exceedingly, exactly, so, very, quite, especially - a manner particle following immediately after the word it relates to to indicate extremeness or excessiveness. It may be used after all types of bases, but particularly with negatives, adjectives and verbs as described below. Where rawa follows a verb in the passive it will take a passive ending also, usually -tia. In this situation the passive ending may be dropped from the verb, but not from rawa.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 44, 91-92;)
Hangaia rawatia he whare hou mōna (TTR 1996:134). / A new house was built especially for her.
Synonyms: koia, āhua, anō, tino, noa, tonu, kere, āta, hangehange, hengahenga, kāhua, (ko) tōna ... (nei), tou, noa iho, katoa, i neki, inā, ata, rā anō, rā pea, rānō, mārie, mārika, mārire, ia rā, koa, tinana, koia, koia, kē
2. (particle) eventually, finally, as soon as, by the time, only when, right up until - indicates a significant time lapse or effort and often follows verbs without verbal particles in subordinate clauses. Often followed by mai, atu, ake or iho.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 113;)
Tae rawa atu ia, kua moe kē a Herewini. / When they eventually arrived Selwyn was already asleep.
4. (particle) too, overly, unduly - this usage indicates an unsatisfactory degree of a quality or attribute (either excessive or inadequate).
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 44;)
5. (particle) very, extremely, so, most - when preceded by an adjective and followed by atu it expresses the superlative.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 44;)
6. (particle) all the way, completely, right to, right above - when following location words.
I kumea te waka ki uta rawa. / The canoe was dragged all the way up the beach.
7. (particle) until, till - following kia and a verb.
Me tatari koe kia tae rawa mai te pahi. / You had better wait until the bus arrives.
8. (particle) must, really had better - following me and a verb, it intensifies the meaning of the obligation.
Me hoki rawa mai koe ā mua o te weheruatanga o te pō. / You really had better return before midnight.
Synonyms: mātua, me, hōpurupuru
9. (particle) highest - when following runga.
I piki a Tāne ki te rangi o runga rawa. / Tāne climbed to the highest of the heavens.
tawhito
1. (verb) to be old, ancient, primeval, out of date - not used for people in classical Māori.
Kotahi te whare rākau e tū ana i reira, engari kua tawhito, e rua tekau ngā tau e tū tangata kore ana (TWMNT 30/7/1873:86). / There was one house standing there, but it was old having been vacant for twenty years.
Synonyms: tahito
2. (modifier) old, ancient, primeval - not used to describe people in classical Māori.
Ka haupū te kupenga tawhito ki uta, ki ngā parenga o ngā wai tauraki ai ki te rā, ka maroke, ka pakapaka (TP 1/1/1901:6). / The old net lies in a heap on the shore and on the banks of streams to dry in the sun. It dries out and is baked.
Synonyms: tuaukiuki, koroua, mātāpuputu, waikauere, korokoroua, pūkeko, tahito, tūpakeke, kaumātua, tūārangi, aweko, ahungarua
3. (noun) wise person, expert, experienced person, authority.
4. (noun) age, antiquity, ancientness, oldness.
I te kaha anō o te tawhito o tō māua whare i Taumarunui, ka uru mai te mahi a te kiore ki roto i te rūma o aku pukapuka (HP 1991:267). / Because of the age of our house in Taumarunui, lots of mice had infested the room where my books were.
Synonyms: tahito
tūāhua
1. (noun) adjective - adjective - a word that describes a person or thing or gives extra information about them. In Māori these words often come after he or after a noun, in which case they are called modifiers in this dictionary. They are often words that can also be used as nouns or verbs in other contexts, e.g. in the sentence 'He wahine tāroaroa ia.' (She is a tall woman.), tāroaroa is a tūāhua (adjective).
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 27, 57-59, 84, 99, 100; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 40; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 107-108, 125;)
He tangata humārie taku tāne. I tēnei kōrero ko te 'humārie' te tūāhua. / My husband is a handsome man. In this sentence, 'humārie (handsome)' is the adjective.
See also kupuāhua
ipukarea
1. (noun) ancestral home, homeland, native land, inherited land - significant water or geographical feature of a tribe's homeland relating to the tribe's identity and the source of their livelihood. Describes a body of water within a vessel, a place that represents the history and emotional attachment of the tribe, a place central to the identity of the people where they can go to be rejuvenated, a place that represents the hopes and aspirations of the people, the lifegiving waters from which they drink. It is also the place associated with significant battles of the tribe and where the bones of their ancestors lie. As an example, Lake Waikaremoana is the ipukarea of Ngāi Tūhoe.
Ka whakahokahokai anō au kia topa iho i te ipukarea a Kahumatamomoe ki te riu o te waka Te Arawa (Wh4 2004:201). / I stretch out to soar down the ancestral homeland of Kahumatamomoe to the bilge of the Te Arawa canoe.
See also Ipukarea, Te
2. arranged marriage - a figurative use to describe an arranged marriage between former enemies which led to the cessation of hostilities, thus stopping the flow of blood.
arero
1. (noun) tongue - used in a number of expressions to describe lying and liars. e.g. arero teka, arero hīanga, arero horihori.
Ka titiro te tākuta, kātahi ka kī atu ki a ia, "E hoa, whātero tō arero." (TM 15/5/1881:3). / The doctor looked and then said to her, "My friend, please poke out your tongue."
2. (noun) carved point of a taiaha.
Ka tū mai tētahi o aua wāhine rā, ko te patu parāoa i te ringa, ka hāpainga mai tana patu ki a Puhihuia, ā nō ka tata, ka whiua te patu rā ki te upoko o te kōtiro nei. Karohia ake, tērā te haere rā, tahi anō te whiunga o te arero o te taiaha rā ki te poho o tērā, koropeke ana, noho ana tērā ki raro (TAH 46:20). / One of those women stood up with a whalebone patu in her hand and raised her patu against Puhihuia and when she was close she aimed a blow with it at Puhihuia's head; but Puhihuia parried it and with one thrust of the point of her taiaha to the chest of that one, she doubled up and sat down.
2. (verb) to break (of waves on the shore), surge (of the sea).
Ka āta pōrutu mai ngā ngaru ki te ākau (Ng 1993:40). / The waves break gently along the strand (Ng 1993:40).
3. (noun) long traditional flute - with three to six finger holes near the bottom end.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 168;)
Nā te mea he roa ake te kakau o te pōrutu i tō te kōauau ka taea te whakarangirua i tōna reo. Kotahi he reo mārū, ā, ki te kaha te pupuhi kua tīorooro tōna reo tuarua (Wh3 2003:168). / Because the stem of the pōrutu is longer than the kōauau it is able to be played with two voices. One is a low voice and if it is blown hard its second voice is high-pitched.
4. (noun) piccolo - probably best distinguished from the traditional flute described above by adding the word Pākehā.
toka tū moana
1. (noun) rock standing in the ocean - sometimes written as toka-tū-moana or tokatūmoana.
Tērā tētahi wā ka whakarērea a Kapetaua, te tipuna o Te Patukirikiri, e tana taokete e Tarakumukumu ki tētahi toka tū moana kei waho i Takaparawhā. Ko te ingoa o taua toka ko Te Toka-o-Kapetaua (e mōhiotia anō ko Bean Rock) (Te Ara 2016). / There was an occasion when Kapetaua, the ancestor of Te Patukirikiri, was abandoned by his brother-in-law, Tarakumukumu, on a rock off Bastion Point. The name of that rock is Te Toka-o-Kapetaua (also known as Bean Rock).
2. (noun) stalwart, supporter, centre - a figurative term to describe a person who is there for you through thick and thin, a strong leader, etc.
Ka taea te whakawhirinaki ki a ia hei toka tū moana i te wā e whati ana ngā ngaru tōrangapū (TTR 1996:143). / He could be relied upon as a stalwart in rough political times.
poroharore
1. (verb) to have a convex end, have a rounded end - like a mushroom and used to describe the shape of a pestle or pounder.
Ka mahia tērā atu pito o te kuru kia poroharore, kia pai ai te pehu i ngā kai (PK 2008:671). / That other end of the pestle was made to be rounded so that it was suitable for pounding food.
rukaruka
1. (modifier) utterly, totally, completely, absolutely - an intensifier that follows words describing abandonment and loss, e.g. whakarere, rere and mahue.
Tuturu tonu te kī kotahi rau o ngā tāngata o Ngāti Tūwharetoa kua whakarere rukaruka i te kai tupeka, ahakoa tō rātou hōhonutanga ki taua kai i mua ai (TWMNT 21/9/1875:214). / The account is confirmed that one hundred members of Ngāti Tūwharetoa have totally abandoned the use of tobacco, although previously wedded to smoking.
Synonyms: ehara ehara, pū, anō, moruka, te mutunga (kē) mai (nei) o te ..., mārika, tahi, mōrukaruka, mārire, pohapoha, puru, piropiro, hāwerewere, mārie
mōrukaruka
1. (modifier) utterly, totally, completely, absolutely - an intensifier that follows words describing abandonment and loss, e.g. whakarere, rere and mahue.
Ka mutu te kitea o te kōura i aua tāone kari kōura, ka mahue mōrukaruka, he 'tāone kēhua' te otinga atu (HJ 2015:137). / When gold ceased to be found in those gold prospecting towns, they were completely abandoned, ghost towns being the result.
Synonyms: ehara ehara, pū, anō, moruka, te mutunga (kē) mai (nei) o te ..., mārika, tahi, mārire, pohapoha, puru, piropiro, hāwerewere, rukaruka, mārie
moruka
1. (modifier) utterly, totally, completely, absolutely - an intensifier that follows words describing abandonment and loss, e.g. whakarere, rere and mahue.
He urupā waka tōna rite - waiho moruka ana ngā motukā tawhito ki reira hei kai mā te waikura (HJ 2015:137). / It's like a graveyard for vehicles - old cars are utterly abandoned at that place to be eaten by rust.
Synonyms: ehara ehara, pū, anō, te mutunga (kē) mai (nei) o te ..., mārika, tahi, mōrukaruka, mārire, pohapoha, puru, piropiro, hāwerewere, rukaruka, mārie
rehu
1. (noun) long traditional flute - with a closed top and a transverse blowing hole and finger holes like a pōrutu.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 168;)
Ko ngā wheua o te hunga maitai i patua nei he mea mahi hei tīrou kai, ā, ko ngā wheua o ngā hūhā he mea mahi hei tōrino, arā, hei rehu (TAH 51:17). / The bones of the foreigners who had been killed were made into forks for picking up food, and the thigh bones were made into flutes.
2. (noun) recorder (musical instrument) - probably best distinguished from the traditional flute described above by adding the word Pākehā.
