runga
1. (location) the top, upper part, on, on top of, the top surface (of something) - a location word, or locative, which follows immediately after particles such as ki, i, hei and kei or is preceded by a when used as the subject of the sentence.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 15-16, 29-30; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 24-25;)
He mangaeka a runga o te pakitara, he whero a raro. / The top of the wall is buff and the bottom is red.
3. (location) upon, in, on - when preceded by mā for travel in a canoe or vehicle. Runga is always used for travel on or in a vehicle.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 47-48;)
Ka haere mātou mā runga i te motokā o tōku matua. / We will go in my father's car.
4. (location) the south.
I rere atu rātou i Tāmaki-makau-rau ki runga, ki Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara. / They flew from Auckland to the south, to Wellington.
5. (location) the basis of, in accordance with - usually followed by anō.
I poroporoaki te kaikōrero ki te hunga kua mate, i runga anō i tā tātou tikanga ki tā te Māori. / In accordance with Māori custom, the speaker farewelled the people who have died.
I runga i te kupu a Henare Parata, ka tukua mai e te Tari Māori i Pōneke he nēhi, arā, he wahine tiaki tūroro (TP 2/1903:11). / On the word of Henare Parata, the Native Affairs Department in Wellington sent a nurse, that is, a woman who cares for sick people.
kauae runga
1. (noun) upper jaw.
E kīia ana i ora ai a Waikato nā te karanga a Te Wherowhero ki a Te Rauparaha, "E Raha! He aha tō koha ki a māua?" Ka whakautua e Te Rauparaha, " E tika ana. Ki te hoki koe ki raro mā te ara i haere mai nei koe, ka hāmama te kauae runga ki te kauae raro. Engari me ahu koe ki runga ki Pukerangiora, ka ora koe." (M 2004:222). / It is said that what saved Waikato was Te Wherowhero's call to Te Rauparaha, "Raha! What is your gift to us two?" Te Rauparaha replied, "That is right. If you return north via the route that you came, the upper jaw will close on the lower jaw. However, if you head up to Pukerangiora, you will survive."
2. (noun) celestial knowledge, knowledge of the heavens.
Ka pau ngā take o tēnei kete, ka tino oti rawa te kauae runga me ōna take katoa te whakahoro ki ngā tamāroa (WW 1913:6). / When all these matters of this basket were explained, the matters of the celestial realm had been totally completed and passed on to the first-born sons.
runga ake
1. (location) above.
Kua tīmata anō te wahine ki te mau roroa i te panekoti. E tika ana anō, i te mea kua tae kē ngā panekoti o nāianei ki runga ake i ngā turi (TTT 1/9/1929:1064). / Women have again started wearing longer skirts. And that's appropriate because currently skirts are above the knees.
Synonyms: runga
Whare o Runga
1. Upper House, Legislative Council.
Kua kite iho au i te nūpepa kua whakaaro te Rūnanga Ariki o te Whare o Runga kia tirohia he rīwhi mō Mahuta (TP 1/1907:2). / I have seen in the newspaper that the Legislative Council of the Upper House is considering looking for a replacement for Mahuta.
Synonyms: Rūnanga Ariki, Kaunihera Ture, Rūnanga Kaunihera
Rangipōpō-i-runga
1. (personal noun) female personification of thunder.
Rangipōpō he ingoa whaitiri, tōna reo, he paorangi (TP 10/1908:6). / Rangipōpō is a name for thunder and its voice is thunderous noise.
Kīhai i roa kua mao te ua, me te whiti tonu te rā. Kua mōhio mai a Tapuae, me tōna wahine rangatira, mana nui kē atu i a ia, me te iwi noho mai rā, “E, i! Tēnei tata a Taharākau, inā hoki te whaitiri paorangi, me ngā roimata o tōna tipuna, o Rangipōpō-i-runga, e tangi nei ki a ia (JPS 1911:20). / It was not long before the rain had cleared, and the sun shone. Tapuae and his aristocratic wife, who was more important than he was, and the people living there knew, “Ah, Taharākau is near, one can tell that from the resounding thunder and the tears of his ancestress Rangipōpō-i-runga, who is weeping for him.”
whaka-
1. (particle) to cause something to happen, cause to be - prefixed to adjectives, statives and verbs that do not take a direct object, including reduplicated forms.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
E whakatikatika ana te kaiako i ngā mahi a Hirini. / The teacher is correcting Sydney's work.
2. (particle) Used with a few verbs of perception that take a direct object, i.e. kite, mōhio, rongo, inu, and ako.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
E whakakite ana ia i tana pūtōrino ki ngā whakaminenga. / She is showing her pūtōrino flute to the audience.
3. (particle) When used as a prefix with a stative the word becomes a verb that takes a direct object and takes a passive ending in passive constructions.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
4. (particle) to become a, translate (with names of languages) - prefixed to some nouns to form both verbs that take a direct object and verbs that do not.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
5. (particle) towards, in the direction of - when prefixed to location words, especially mauī, matau, katau, mua, muri, raro, roto, runga and waho, and to nouns, in which case they will be preceded by te. With mauī, matau and katau, te may precede the location word or it may be omitted. With these they are sometimes written as three words separated by hyphens, e.g. whaka-te-moana. These words are normally used only as second, qualifying bases in a phrase.
(Te Kākano Audio Tapes/CDs (Ed. 2): 112;)
I Waihī ka huri whakauta te ope taua ka whai i te whārua o Pongakawa (TTR 1900:171). / From Waihī the war party turned inland and proceeded along the Pongakawa river valley.
Huri whakatemauī! / Turn left, please!
I te atapō tonu ka maunu te pā nei, ka haere, ka ahu whaka-Waikato (JPS 1899:180). / Just before dawn they retreated from this pā, departed and headed towards Waikato.
Ka titiro whakatemoana te iwi rā; hoki rawa mai te titiro kua ngaro te wahine nei (M 2004:160). / The people all looked towards the sea, and when their gaze returned this woman had disappeared.
Ka patua ko Tākaha i Ōtāwhao i te taha whakauta o Waipāwa (TTR 1990:347). / Tākaha was killed at Ōtāwhao on the inland side of Waipāwa.
See also whakawaho, whakatekaraka, whakamauī, whakamatau, whakamua, whakamuri, whakararo, whakaroto, whakarunga, whakatehauāuru, whakatekatau, whakatemarangai, whakatemauī, whakatemoana, whakateraki, whaka-tētehi-taha, whakatetonga, whakateuma, whakateuru, whakatonga, whakauta, whakaterāwhiti
6. (particle) In a few words of some other classes whaka- may also be used, e.g. āe, atu, kāhore and kore.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 111-112;)
Kīhai rāua i whakaae kia haere au ki te pakanga i Irāki. / They did not agree that I should go to the war in Iraq.
7. (particle) a particular use of the prefix whaka- with numerals is for fractions, but this use is uncommon in modern Māori. Used this way as a noun or to follow a noun as a modifier (i.e. as an adjective).
Āta wehea te whakatekau o ēnei moni mō ngā mahi a Ihowā, tō tātou Atua, arā, mō Tōna Hāhi, mō te kawe i te Rongo Pai ki ngā Tauiwi, mō te whāngai rawakore, pouaru, tūroro, me ērā atu tini mahi pai, mahi aroha (TP 1/9/1901:5). / Carefully divide off a tenth of this money for the work of Jehovah, our God, that is, for His Church, for conveying the Gospel to the heathens, for feeding the poor, widows, invalids, and for those many good works and deeds of charity.
See also whakatekau
rawa
1. (particle) indeed, really, exceedingly, exactly, so, very, quite, especially - a manner particle following immediately after the word it relates to to indicate extremeness or excessiveness. It may be used after all types of bases, but particularly with negatives, adjectives and verbs as described below. Where rawa follows a verb in the passive it will take a passive ending also, usually -tia. In this situation the passive ending may be dropped from the verb, but not from rawa.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 44, 91-92;)
Hangaia rawatia he whare hou mōna (TTR 1996:134). / A new house was built especially for her.
Synonyms: koia, āhua, anō, tino, noa, tonu, kere, āta, hangehange, hengahenga, kāhua, (ko) tōna ... (nei), tou, noa iho, katoa, i neki, inā, ata, rā anō, rā pea, rānō, mārie, mārika, mārire, ia rā, koa, tinana, koia, koia, kē
2. (particle) eventually, finally, as soon as, by the time, only when, right up until - indicates a significant time lapse or effort and often follows verbs without verbal particles in subordinate clauses. Often followed by mai, atu, ake or iho.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 113;)
Tae rawa atu ia, kua moe kē a Herewini. / When they eventually arrived Selwyn was already asleep.
4. (particle) too, overly, unduly - this usage indicates an unsatisfactory degree of a quality or attribute (either excessive or inadequate).
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 44;)
5. (particle) very, extremely, so, most - when preceded by an adjective and followed by atu it expresses the superlative.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 120; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 44;)
6. (particle) all the way, completely, right to, right above - when following location words.
I kumea te waka ki uta rawa. / The canoe was dragged all the way up the beach.
7. (particle) until, till - following kia and a verb.
Me tatari koe kia tae rawa mai te pahi. / You had better wait until the bus arrives.
8. (particle) must, really had better - following me and a verb, it intensifies the meaning of the obligation.
Me hoki rawa mai koe ā mua o te weheruatanga o te pō. / You really had better return before midnight.
Synonyms: mātua, me, hōpurupuru
9. (particle) highest - when following runga.
I piki a Tāne ki te rangi o runga rawa. / Tāne climbed to the highest of the heavens.
2. (particle) by, made by, acted on - mā combines with e to form a future tense emphasising who or what will do the action, sometimes called the actor emphatic. This grammatical construction is only used with transitive verbs, not with intransitive verbs, with statives (neuter verbs), or with verbs in the passive.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 65; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 41-42;)
Synonyms: nā
3. (particle) Used with hei to show relationships.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 54;)
4. (particle) by way of, via, through.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 47-48; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 66;)
5. (particle) by means of, on - followed by runga.
Haere ai tō mātau pāpā ki tana mahi mā runga hōiho (HP 1991:27). / Our father went to his work by horseback.
See also mā hea
6. (particle) Used in names for the points of the compass.
He aha rawa te hau e pupuhi mai nei? He marangai mā tonga. / What is the wind that's blowing? It's a south-easterly.
See also marangai-mā-raro, raki-mā-rāwhiti, uru-mā-raki
riro
1. (verb) to be gone, departed, set out.
Hoki rawa mai ki te puta o tōna tuna, mau ana ko te hāwareware kau anake, kua riro te tuna (W 1971:43). / When finally returning to the eel's hole, all that could be caught was the slime, the eel had gone.
Synonyms: whakatikatika, whakatika, tīeke
2. (stative) be taken, awarded, won.
Kua tae te whakaatu ki a Tākuta Te Rangihīroa kua riro i a ia te paraihe a te Kura Nui o Ōtākou mō tana pukapuka i tuhituhia ai mō ngā mahi ā-ringa a te iwi Māori inamata (TTT 31/8/1921:7). / Notification has reached Dr Buck that he has won Otago University's award for his article written about the traditional Māori crafts.
3. (stative) be got, acquired, obtained, earned.
I ngā tau e waru i riro i a Tame Pāna i runga i āna mahi motomoto e £40, 000 (TP 1/1909:9). / In eight years Tommy Burns earned £40, 000 from his boxing activities.
Synonyms: kaitaonga
4. (stative) be inherited.
Ka mate te matua whāngai, e riro rānei te whenua o te tūpāpaku i te tamaiti whāngai? (TPH 30/8/1902:2). / When the foster parent dies, is the land of the deceased inherited by the foster child?
5. (stative) it was left to - especially when followed by māku, māu, māna, mā māua, mā rātou etc and nāku, nāu, nāna, nā māua, nā rātou etc.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 62-63;)
Ka riro māku te poroporoaki. / It was left to me to do the farewell speech.
Ahakoa kāore anō ia kia takatū noa, i riro nāna tonu ia i ako ki ngā tikanga o te Hāhi, taringa whakarongo noa ai ki tana pāpā, haere rānei ki ngā rā i ngā wāhi e kaha ana te mau o te whakapono o te Hāhi Ringatū (TTR 1998:26). / Although he was unprepared, he taught himself the practices of the Church by just listening to his father or by attending the church days at the places where the Ringatū Church was strong.
6. (modifier) at the extreme - follows locatives as an intensifier, e.g. runga, raro.
Ehara au i te hōkioi - hore rawa. E rere ana tēnā manu ki runga riro, mahue noa iho te kapua. Ko au ia, e rere kūpapa ana i te mata o te whenua (TPM 2/2/1863:2). / I am not the hōkio. That bird flies way up high, leaving behind even the clouds. But as for me, I fly low over the face of the earth.
Ko te mata o taua wai mārama kehokeho, otirā kei raro riro te takere o taua kōpua, e kore e tatū te aho (MM.TKM 27/1/1853:4). / The surface of that water is absolutely clear, but a line would never reach right down to the bottom of that deep pool.
Ko ētahi o ngā hē o Poi Hākena, ko te awa kore hei hoenga mai mō ngā kai, ā, he tawhiti nō ngā māra kei te mano whenua i uta riro (MM.TKM 27/11/1856:3). / Some of the problems of Sydney are the lack of rivers to transport produce and the remoteness of gardens in the heartland a long way inland.
tūwāhi
1. (noun) locative, locative noun, location word - those words which follow immediately after i, ki, hei or kei in the sentence. When they are the subject of the sentence they are preceded by a. Names of places, mountains, regions, rivers, marae, etc. are included in this class. Also included is a small group of words which designate place, e.g. runga, mua, tātahi, tāwāhi, uta and waho.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 15, 121; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 54-55;)
Me haere tātou ki tātahi. / Let's go to the beach.
Anei ētahi tūwāhi o te reo Māori: runga, muri, tua, waho, konā, uta (PK 2008:1024). / Here are some locatives of Māori: runga, muri, tua, waho, konā, uta.
