2. (numeral) fourth - when used with this meaning it is preceded by te and followed by o.
Nō te whā o te ahiahi, ka hoki mai te kātipa rā (HP 1991:162). / At 4 pm the constable returned.
3. (numeral) fourthly, four - when preceded by ka it is used in counting out things or people or when there is a sequence of numbers.
Ka puta atu te tuatahi ki te whai i te kahawai e rere rā. Ka tahi, ka rua, ka toru, ka whā, te otinga o te inoi a te minita, titiro rawa ake, kua riro kē te nuinga o te minenga (TWK 16:5). / The first one came out to chase the kahawai that were running. One, two, three, four, and when the minister's prayer was finished and he finally looked up, the majority of the congregation had already left.
pātiki
1. (verb) to be flat, level.
Synonyms: kaupae, taumata, tautika, whakatūpā, tūpā, papatahi, paparite, papatairite, whakapaparanga, apaapa, apa, kōeke, kōeketanga, paparanga
2. (noun) flounder (a general term for flounder-type fish).
I ētahi pō, ka haere a Tīpene ki te rama tuna, ka wero pātiki anō ia ina kitea e ia ētahi (HP 1991:17). / Some nights Stephen would go to hunt for eels by torchlight and spear flounder whenever he saw some.
3. (noun) black flounder, Rhombosolea retiaria - an exceedingly flattened fresh water endemic fish with both eyes on the top side. Dark greenish-black with masses of bright brick-red and paler grey spots on the upper surface. Lower surface is grey-white. Widespread in coastal waters in harbours, river mouths and estuaries.
Synonyms: pātiki mohoao, mohoao
4. (noun) sand flounder, Rhombosolea plebeia - undivided to slightly divided anterior and pelvic fin rays and has a distinctive rhomboidal shape. Endemic and widespread. Adults found sub-tidally to depths of 100 m, especially on soft seabeds.
5. (noun) greenback flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina - well developed fleshy snout partly overhanging the mouth. In Aotearoa/New Zealand waters it occurs off tge east and south coasts of the South Island.
6. (noun) lemon sole, Pelotretis flavilatus - grey-to-brown fish with greenish tinge, mottled white on underside. Body oval, wider at front. Scales rough and eyes large. Endemic and found on sandy seabedsthroughout Aotearoa/New Zealand in depths of 4-618 m.
7. (noun) New Zealand turbot, Colistium nudipinnis - brownish-green with irregular darker blotches, pale on underside. Body oval. Snout with a hook-like projection that overlaps the jaws. Endemic fish that occurs from Northland coast to the south coast of the South Island, inhabiting sand and mud seabed in nearshore and subtidal areas up to 50 m.
tapu
1. (stative) be sacred, prohibited, restricted, set apart, forbidden, under atua protection - see definition 4 for further explanations.
I taua wā ko Te Riri anake te tangata o Ngāti Hine e kaha ana ki te noho i aua whenua. Ko te mea hoki e tapu katoa ana te whaitua nei, pokapoka katoa ana ngā hiwi i ngā rua tūpāpaku (TTR 1998:82). / At that time Te Riri was the only person of Ngāti Hine who wanted to live on the property, because the area was tapu and the surrounding hills were riddled with burial caves.
Synonyms: whakaihi, rohe, kura, whakatapu, puaroa, taparere, apiapi, rāhui, kōpiri, ārikarika
2. (modifier) sacred, prohibited, restricted, set apart, forbidden, under atua protection - see definition 4 for further explanations.
Kei te maumahara tonu ngā uri o Te Whiti ki te tūruapō, arā, te maunga tapu kei te tonga, kei tōna ātārangi he rākau, e pae rua ake ana i tōna peka ngā manu mōhio a Mumuhau rāua ko Takeretō (TTR 1994:172). / It is remembered by Te Whiti's descendants, namely that there is a sacred mountain to the south and in its shadow there is a tree with a branch and on this branch are two birds of knowledge, Mumuhau and Takaretō.
3. (modifier) holy - an adaptation of the original meaning for the Christian concept of holiness and sanctity.
Otiia hei minita anō rātou i roto i tōku wāhi tapu, hei tiaki i ngā kūwaha o te whare, hei minita ki te whare (PT Ehekiera 44:11). / Yet they shall be ministers in my sanctuary, having charge at the gates of the house, and ministering to the house.
4. (noun) restriction, prohibition - a supernatural condition. A person, place or thing is dedicated to an atua and is thus removed from the sphere of the profane and put into the sphere of the sacred. It is untouchable, no longer to be put to common use. The violation of tapu would result in retribution, sometimes including the death of the violator and others involved directly or indirectly. Appropriate karakia and ceremonies could mitigate these effects. Tapu was used as a way to control how people behaved towards each other and the environment, placing restrictions upon society to ensure that society flourished. Making an object tapu was achieved through rangatira or tohunga acting as channels for the atua in applying the tapu. Members of a community would not violate the tapu for fear of sickness or catastrophe as a result of the anger of the atua. Intrinsic, or primary, tapu are those things which are tapu in themselves. The extensions of tapu are the restrictions resulting from contact with something that is intrinsically tapu. This can be removed with water, or food and karakia. A person is imbued with mana and tapu by reason of his or her birth. High-ranking families whose genealogy could be traced through the senior line from the atua were thought to be under their special care. It was a priority for those of ariki descent to maintain mana and tapu and to keep the strength of the mana and tapu associated with the atua as pure as possible. People are tapu and it is each person's responsibility to preserve their own tapu and respect the tapu of others and of places. Under certain situations people become more tapu, including women giving birth, warriors travelling to battle, men carving (and their materials) and people when they die. Because resources from the environment originate from one of the atua, they need to be appeased with karakia before and after harvesting. When tapu is removed, things become noa, the process being called whakanoa. Interestingly, tapu can be used as a noun or verb and as a noun is sometimes used in the plural. Noa, on the other hand, can not be used as a noun.
(Te Kōhure Textbook (Ed. 2): 237-240; Te Kōhure Video Tapes (Ed. 1): 6;)
Kāore he kai maoa o runga i tēnei waka, i a Tākitimu, nā te tapu. He kai mata anake (HP 1991:9). / There was no cooked food on this canoe, on Tākitimu, because it was tapu. There was only raw food.
Ko tēnei i muri nei he karakia whakahorohoro i ngā tapu o ngā tāngata (TWMNT 3/4/1872:58). / The following is a ritual chant to remove the tapu of people.
See also rāhui
Synonyms: poropeihana, apiapi, aukatinga, here, kōpiri, rāhui
tō
1. (determiner) your (one person) - when talking of one thing. A possessive determiner which must be followed by a noun, unlike tāu and tōu. This is the neutral or informal form and is not governed by the a and o categories.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 52-56, 58; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 1;)
Utaina tō kōneke ki runga i te taraka. / Load your sledge onto the truck, please.
2. (determiner) belonging to. Combines with the dual and plural personal pronouns.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 52-56;)
Nō reira ka rapu ngā tamariki i tō rātou pāpā (JPS 1911:94). / And so, the children searched for their father.
3. (determiner) has, have, own, owns (a possessive).
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 108-110;)
4. (determiner) that of, the one of, the ... of. Used as an alternative form for te ... o.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 126;)
5. Used in the ways of 2 to 4 above when the possessor has, or had, no control of the relationship or is subordinate, passive or inferior to what is possessed.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 54-56, 140-141;)
pepe tuna
1. (noun) pūriri moth, Aenetus virescens – a large, conspicuous, green-winged moth with glowing red eyes. Young larvae hatch from eggs in the forest leaf litter, where they begin their development. They then moult into a conspicuous 'transfer phase' form that moves out of the litter and climbs the trunk of a suitable host tree, often a pūriri or putaputawētā. The larva forms a typical '7'-shaped tunnel and a silk-covered external feeding scar over the entrance. Once established the larvae moult into the 'tree phase', in which they complete their growth. The entire larval period may take as much as 4 years, and mature larvae may exceed 100 mm in length. Pupation occurs inside the shaft, and most adults emerge in spring or early summer.
He rere ahiahi, rere pō te pepe tuna; nā whai anō ka whakapaetia te pepe tuna he karere nō te ao wairua, he wairua rānei o tētahi tipuna kua hoki mai ki te tāpae kōrero ki ōna uri. He kaitā te pepe tuna, e 15 henimita te hōrapa o ōna parirau kawakawa (Te Ara 2012). / Because the pūriri moth flies at dusk and into the night, the suggestion is that it is a messenger of the realm of spirits, or a spirit of an ancestor returning to visit his or her descendants. The pūriri moth is large, with bright green wings that span 15 centimetres.
Aho Matua
1. The philosophical base for Kura Kaupapa Māori education for the teaching and learning of children. Te Aho Matua is presented in six parts, each part having a special focus on what, from a Māori point of view, is crucial in the education of children: 1. Te ira tangata – the physical and spiritual endowment of children and the importance of nurturing both in their education; 2. Te reo – principles by which this bilingual competence will be achieved; 3. Ngā iwi – principles important in the socialisation of children; 4. Te ao – those aspects of the world that impact on the learning of children; 5. Āhuatanga ako – the principles of teaching practice that are of vital importance in the education of children; 6. Te tino uaratanga – the characteristics aiming to be developed in children.
Whare o Rongomaurikura, Te
1. (location) International Centre for Language Revitalisation - based in Te Ipukarea the National Māori Language Institute at AUT University. The name was given by Dr Wharehuia Milroy. Rongo is the god of peaceful pursuits and is usually associated with matters that are deliberated or debated in the sanctity of the wharenui, the meeting house, thus an academy or institute. Issues associated with language and language revitalisation efforts, should be considered as 'vested with a mauri' for those matters to then be acted upon in a positive way. It is the 'vital essence' that is required to allow the process to take shape, form and be inspirited. This comes through belief, united effort and dedication. Once achieved, the mauri operates in that belief that 'Tūwhitia te hopo, mairangatia te angitū' (i.e. eliminate the negative, accentuate the positive) will ensure sustained effort. Kura can be viewed as: 1. Knowledge regained, knowledge used, knowledge gained (discovery); 2. Staff and all associates; 3. The philosophies that serve to underpin all work that is entered into or undertaken; 4. The students; 5. The communities that will seek to benefit from the research; 6 The mauri, so long as it is maintained in a 'healthy state' by the combined efforts of the groups listed above, while distinct from kura in nature and form, is complementary and indeed kura can only continue to survive if the mauri is 'active'.
kī-o-rahi
1. (noun) a traditional ball game - played with a small round flax ball called a kī. Two teams of seven players, kaioma and taniwha, play on a circular field divided into zones, and score points by touching the pou (boundary markers) and hitting a central tupu, or target. The game is played with varying rules(e.g. number of people, size of field, tag ripping rules, etc.) depending on the geographic area it is played in. It is played for 4 quarters or 2 halves of a set time, teams alternate roles of kīoma and taniwha at 1/2 or 1/4 time.
piripiri
1. (verb) (-ngia) to keep close, close together, stick, cling, adhere.
I pōuri tonu te rangi me te whenua i mua: ko Rangi rāua ko Papa e piripiri tonu ana, kāore anō i wehea noatia (KO 16/9/1886:4). / Formerly the sky and the land were still in darkness: Rangi and Papa still clung together and were not yet separated.
2. (noun) burr, biddy-bid, Acaena anserinifolia - a common creeping native plant with toothed leaves, white flowers like a spiky ball and fruit of green burrs, turning reddish brown.
See also hutiwai
Synonyms: piriwhetau, kaikaiārure, pirikahu, kaiā, kaiārurerure, hutiwai
3. (noun) drooping filmy fern, Hymenophyllum demissum - the commonest of all filmy ferns, especially on the ground in wetter parts of the country. Has large smooth fronds.
4. (noun) filmy fern, Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum - a terrestrial or epiphytic native fern forming dense patches. Rhizomes long-creeping, slender, fronds dark green, strongly aromatic and was used as a scent. Stipes 20-90 mm long and slender. A very common and widespread species of closed or open forest and shrub-land from coastal to subalpine areas. Also a common species of shaded canyon walls, cliff faces, rock tors, boulder-field and talus slopes.
5. (noun) pygmy tree orchid, Ichthyostomum pygmaeum - a tiny orchid that forms tangled mats of rhizomes and pseudobulbs.One leaf grows from each pseudobulb. Leaves are pointed, green to dark green, 4-10 mm long and 2-4 mm wide with a slightly rough upper surface. Often epiphytic on bumpy bark and outer limbs of trees in coastal and montane forest.
6. (noun) Gonocarpus incanus - wiry, erect or diffusely branched endemic herb up to 40 cm. tall.
7. (noun) Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. micranthus - a slender native herb up to 10 cm. tall, rooting from lowest nodes and having many stems.
8. (noun) rifleman, Acanthisitta chloris - Aotearoa/New Zealand's smallest bird, distinguished by its rounded wings, a very short stumpy tail and a fine, slightly upturned bill. The male is bright yellow-green above while the female is streaked dark and light brown and both have whitish underparts. Found in native forests and scrub.
See also tītitipounamu
Synonyms: kōtipatipa, kōtitititi, toirua, momoutu, momotawai, kōrurerure, tāpahipare, pipiriki, titipounamu, mōutuutu, tītitipounamu, kikimutu, tokepiripiri, muhumuhu, kōhurehure, hōutuutu, kotikotipa, pihipihi
tūpurupuru
1. (noun) variety of harakeke from Te Tai Rāwhiti. Known as Tarariki in Taranaki District. Medium to tall in height, slightly bendy. Leaves dull olive green, soft, but strong. Chocolate-coloured margin and keel. 4-8 cm of brownish smudging at the tips of the young blades. Tall, pointed seed pods. Useful for ordinary purposes, kete and whāriki.
2. (noun) poroporo, Solanum aviculare and Solanum laciniatum - native shrubs to 3 m tall with dark, soft, lance-shaped or lobed, alternating leaves. Flowers are white to blue-purple and the fruit yellow to orange. Most common along the edges of forest and in scrub. The fruit is poisonous until fully ripe.
hukihukiraho
1. (noun) soft mingimingi, tall mingimingi, Leucopogon fasciculatus - an open-branched, spreading small tree up to 5–6 m tall. Grows in coastal to lower montane shrubland, light forest and in rocky places up to 1150 metres from the Three Kings Islands to Canterbury. Trunk has flaky bark that peels off in thin strips. Leaves are thin and narrow with a sharp point (1–2.5 cm long by 2–4 mm wide) and are arranged in bundles or whorls on slender black stems. Small creamy greenish flowers in drooping racemes of 6 to 12 flowers in spring. They have a sweet fragrance. The small mostly red oblong berries (2-4mm long) occur in autumn.
Synonyms: ngohungohu, mikimiki, mingi, tūmingi, mingimingi
mikimiki
1. (noun) soft mingimingi, tall mingimingi, Leucopogon fasciculatus - an open-branched, spreading small tree up to 5–6 m tall. Grows in coastal to lower montane shrubland, light forest and in rocky places up to 1150 metres from the Three Kings Islands to Canterbury. Trunk has flaky bark that peels off in thin strips. Leaves are thin and narrow with a sharp point (1–2.5 cm long by 2–4 mm wide) and are arranged in bundles or whorls on slender black stems. Small creamy greenish flowers in drooping racemes of 6 to 12 flowers in spring. They have a sweet fragrance. The small mostly red oblong berries (2-4mm long) occur in autumn.
See also mingimingi
Synonyms: ngohungohu, mingi, tūmingi, mingimingi, hukihukiraho
paikea
1. (noun) humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae - the most abundant large whale of Aotearoa/New Zealand. It is a baleen whale growing to 16 m long and has large knobby-edged flippers up to 4 m long.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 4;)
Ko te paikea me te parāoa ka hopukina i ēnei wā (Te Ara 1912). / The humpback and sperm whales were caught during these seasons.
See also hamupēke
takeketonga
1. (noun) striped marlin, Kajikia audax - a large fish up to 4 m. Has a long body with a long, stout bill and large head. Prominent first dorsal fin. Body blue-black dorsally, silvery white ventrally with about 15 rows of vertical, cobalt stripes consisting of round dots and bands. The most common billfish in Aotearoa/New Zealand waters and found around the North Island in summer.
