tauutuutu
1. (noun) alternating speakers between tangata whenua and manuhiri at a pōhiri as in the system used on marae in Te Arawa and Waikato. In most other tribal areas the system called pāeke is used where all the local speakers speak first.
Ko te tauutuutu te kawa i ngā marae o Te Arawa rāua ko Tainui, ā, mā te iwi kāinga e wāhi, e whakakapi ngā kōrero (PK 2008:901). / Alternating speakers is the speaking protocol of the Te Arawa and Tainui tribes, and the home people will open and close the speeches.
See also tū atu, tū mai, tau whakautuutu, tauhokohoko, tau utuutu, whaikōrero
2. (noun) reciprocity.
Pūmau tonu ia he tauutuutu tō rāua hononga ko Te Mete (TTR 1996:199). / He expected his relationship with Smith to be a reciprocal one.
Synonyms: utu
tautitotito
1. (verb) (-a,-ngia) to sing songs in response to one another, reciprocate with songs, recite alternatively (verses or parts of a song).
Ko tēnei pātere, ko ngā pātere e rua e whai tata i muri iho i tēnei, he mea tautitotito i waenganui i a Titoko, o te Whakatōhea, i a te Waiu-rangi o Te Whānau-a-Apanui. He mea nui tera ki neherā, te tautitotito (M 2006:138). / This pātere, and the two which immediately follow on, were composed as competing verses between Titoko of te Whakatōhea and Te Waiu-rangi of Te Whānau-a-Apanui. It was an outstanding achievement in olden days to be able to compose competing verses.
2. (verb) (-a,-ngia) to compose, make up, invent (stories).
Kei te J. 3/31 ētahi kōrero nā Hoani Nahe e rereke ana te kaupapa o te waiata nei me te tangata nāna i tautitotito (M 2004:164). / In J. 3/31 there are comments by Hoani Nahe that give a different origin for this song and the person who composed it.
3. (noun) song-in-reply.
Ko tētahi tēnei o ngā waiata tautitotito a Tokoahu i tāia ki te pukapuka a Hōne Waiti W 5/98 (Māori) (M 2007:98). / This is one of the songs-in-reply published in John White's book W. 5/98 (Māori).
2. (modifier) repaying, paying, responding, avenging, replying.
I waiatatia ai e Matangi-hauroa te waiata nei ki a Te Whatanui e whai ana kia oho te iwi o Te Whatanui kia haere ki te rapu utu mō te parekura (M 2004:298). / This song was sung by Matangi-hauroa to Te Whatanui with the object of rousing Te Whatanui's people to go and seek revenge for the defeat.
Synonyms: whakautu
3. (noun) revenge, vengeance, retaliation, payback, retribution, cost, price, wage, fee, payment, salary, reciprocity - an important concept concerned with the maintenance of balance and harmony in relationships between individuals and groups and order within Māori society, whether through gift exchange or as a result of hostilities between groups. It is closely linked to mana and includes reciprocation of kind deeds as well as revenge. While particular actions required a response, it was not necessary to apply utu immediately. The general principles that underlie utu are the obligations that exist between individuals and groups. If social relations are disturbed, utu is a means of restoring balance. Gift exchange, a major component of utu, created reciprocal obligations on the parties involved and established permanent and personal relationships. Traditionally utu between individuals and groups tended to escalate. Just as feasts were likely to increase in grandeur as an exchange relationship developed over time, so could reciprocal acts of vengeance intensify. Utu was not necessarily applied to the author of the affront, but affected the whole group. Thus utu could be gained through a victory over a group where only the most tenuous of links connected the source of the affront with the target of the utu. Any deleterious external influence could weaken the psychological state of the individual or group, but utu could reassert control over the influences and restore self-esteem and social standing. Suicide could even reassert control by demonstrating that one had control over one's fate, and was a way of gaining utu against a spouse or relative where direct retaliation was not possible. Such indirect utu often featured within kin groups.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 48;)
He mea peita anō hoki e ia, ā he utu tika tāna utu i tono ai mō āna mahi (TW 28/8/1875:170). / They were also painted by him and the price he asked was right for his work.
See also utu ā-hāora
Synonyms: utu kaimahi, whakakaitoa, uto, rautupu, utu ā-tau, utunga, moni utu, paremata, homaitanga, hoatutanga, tauutuutu, ngakinga, whakarite, ngaki, rautipu
4. (noun) compensation, recompense, reparation.
Ka taea anō te whakarite tētahi utu mehemea kua pā tētahi tino mate ki ngā tāngata tika ki te whenua (RT 2013:99). / Compensation can be arranged if a serious problem has affected the people who have rights to the land.
Synonyms: whakaea, paremata, moni whakaea
2. (verb) (-a,-ngia) to alternate speakers between tangata whenua (hosts) and manuhiri (visitors) on the marae.
See also tau whakautuutu
3. (modifier) to fill up gaps (in anything).
He māra whakautuutu ki te rangatira, he māra tiria; he māra mate ki te ware, e kore e tiria (TP 9/1908:7). / A chief's garden planted without gaps is a well cultivated garden; a commoner's garden dies because it won't be cultivated. (A whakataukī referring to a leader who sets an example by his industry.)
4. (modifier) reciprocal.
He kaihaukai whakautuutu i waenganui i Te Whānau-a-Apanui, i a Te Whakatōhea, ā kāore i ea i a Te Whakatōhea (M 2006:142). / Reciprocal feasts between Te Whānau-a-Apanui and Te Whakatōhea, but Te Whakatōhea were unable to reciprocate.
Synonyms: tau huripoki
5. (noun) responses, answers, replies.
Ko te tāhū o ngā kōrero pōhiri me ngā whakautuutu eke katoa atu ki runga i te pouaru a Timi (TTT 1/9/27:651). / The main theme of the welcome speeches and the responses all related to the widow of James [Carroll].
tau huripoki
1. (noun) reciprocal.
Ko te tau huripoki: Ko te huringa o tētahi hautau kia noho mai te tauraro ki runga, ko te taurunga ki raro. Ina whakawehea te kotahi ki tētahi tau, ka hua ko te tau huripoki o taua tau. Kāore i te hāngai tēnei tikanga mehemea ko te kore te taurunga, te tauraro rānei (TRP 2010:270). / Reciprocal: The reciprocal of a fraction is the fraction obtained by interchanging the numerator and the denominator. If one is divided by a number, the result is the reciprocal of that number. This does not apply if the numerator or denominator is zero (TRP 2010:270).
Synonyms: whakautuutu
koha
1. (noun) gift, present, offering, donation, contribution - especially one maintaining social relationships and has connotations of reciprocity. In the modern context, in many tribes the koha is laid down on the marae by the visitors' last speaker in the form of money collected prior to going onto the marae at the pōhiri, but not all tribes agree with this practice. Such koha would be intended for the marae and to be reciprocated at some time in the future, but koha given quietly to a leader in person (kōkuhu) would be intended to defray the costs of the hui. Some tribes prefer to call such donations whakaaro or kohi, because of the conotations of tapu associated with the words takoha or its shortened form of koha. In traditional Māori society the koha often took the form of food which was usually delivered directly to the place where the food was prepared and would not be presented on the marae. If the koha took the form of a valuable cloak, ornament or weapon, the way the gift was presented indicated whether the gift was intended to be returned at some future time, or not.
Ko te koha e tukuna ana ki runga i te marae, mō te marae ake, arā, mō ngā raruraru o te marae. Ko ngā koha e hoatu ā-tinana ana ki te tangata nāna te hui, ka haere hei āwhina i ngā raruraru o taua hui (TWK 39:4). / Koha presented on the marae is for that marae, that is, for the needs of the marae. Koha given in person to the person holding the gathering goes to help defray the costs of that gathering.
See also takoha
Synonyms: tāpaetanga, whakahere, whāngai hau, tuku, kōparepare, hākari, tuari, onāianei, whakaari, whakawhiwhi, whakahiku, tāpae, perehana, whiu
whanaungatanga
1. (noun) relationship, kinship, sense of family connection - a relationship through shared experiences and working together which provides people with a sense of belonging. It develops as a result of kinship rights and obligations, which also serve to strengthen each member of the kin group. It also extends to others to whom one develops a close familial, friendship or reciprocal relationship.
Kōrero ai ngā whakapapa mō te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te ira tangata me te ao (Te Ara 2011). / Whakapapa describe the relationships between humans and nature.
See also whakawhanaungatanga
Synonyms: taunekeneke, hononga, pāhekoheko, whaitake, whakanohonoho, whakapiringa, piringa
kaihaukai
1. (noun) reciprocal present of food by one kinship group to another, feast.
Tērā tātau e rongo kei te tuwha haere a Henare i ana hipi, i ana kau ki a Ngāti Porou, hei kaihaukai māna ki tōna iwi, he nui nō tōna aroha! (TP 7/1900:8). / We have heard that, because of his charity, Henare is distributing his sheep and cows to Ngāti Porou as feasts for his people.
Synonyms: kōpare
2. (noun) tribal feast.
Ka mahia ngā mahi a Ruhanui, koia ēnei: ko te tūperepere, ko te tōreherehe, ko te kaiwhakatāpaepae, ko te kokomo, ko te tūmahana, ko te kaihaukai, ko te haka, ko te poi, ko te whakahoro taratahi, ko te tā pōtaka... (TWMNT 11/9/1872:110). / The activities of Ruhanui were carried out, which were these: the ceremony and feast to celebrate the storing of the kūmara crop, tobogganing, the displaying of food, the exchanging of gifts between hosts and visitors, feasting and presenting food, performing haka and poi, flying kites, whipping spinning tops...
2. (particle) Prefix used with a few words to indicate that something is strange or unusual, e.g. tauiwi (foreign people), tauwhenua (strange land), tautangata (stranger).
See also tauwhenua, tautangata
atu
1. (particle) away - indicates direction away from speaker, or from the person (or thing) who is the focus of the utterance. Also indicates onwards following verbs of motion. Like the other three directional particles, mai, iho and ake, it always follows manner particles (i.e. kau, kē, noa, rawa and tonu) if they are present in the phrase.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 27, 120;)
Tīkina atu he tūru mōku! / Fetch me a chair, please!
Titiro tonu atu ana ōna kaumātua ki te whakamahi i ōna kaha ki te kōrero, me tōna pai ki te whakatau i ngā whakahaere i waenga i a ia me ngā āpiha Pākehā a te kāwanatanga. (TTR 1994:73). / His elders were continually observing his ability in speaking and dealing successfully with the Pākehā officials of the government.
2. (particle) away, in a direction away - used with verbs which designate perception or attitude.
Kātahi au ka titiro i taku ringaringa, ka kite au e heke ana te toto. Ngoikore tonu atu au. / Then I looked at my hand and saw that it was bleeding. I became quite faint.
3. (particle) other, others, next but one, before last, beyond that - when used following tērā and ērā in time expressions. When speaking of future events, atu is used to indicate a time further into the future than that just referred to or about to be referred to.
Ā tērā atu wiki haere ai mātou ki Heretaunga. / The week after next we travel to Hastings.
Kei Tāmaki-makau-rau rāua i te rā nei. Hei tētahi rangi atu, ka tae ki Te Kauwhata. E rua rangi atu, kei Rotorua. / They are in Auckland today. The next day they arrive in Te Kauwhata. They're in Rotorua in two days time.
4. (particle) Used when comparing things. This includes iti, although it may often be followed by iho.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101;)
He roa atu te whiore o te kau i tō te poaka. / A cow's tail is longer than that of a pig.
He iti atu te kapa kotahi ki te pereiti mā ngā minita, i te rau pauna a te tangata hei ako i tana tamaiti i ngā kāreti nunui (TKO 30/4/1920:9). / One penny in the plate for the ministers is smaller than a person's hundred pounds to teach his child in the large colleges.
5. (particle) Used with a verb repeated with mai to indicate reciprocal action.
Tū atu ana, tū mai ana rāua i tētahi taha o te awakeri. / They stood facing each other beside the ditch.
6. (particle) further - used to emphasise distance.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 45;)
Kei tua atu ia i a Hine. / She is beyond Hine.
Te āhua nei kei waho iti atu o Kaiwaka tō rātou tawhiti ki waho (JPS 1957:230). / It would seem that their position was a little further out from Kaiwaka.
7. (particle) other, another, some other, someone else - especially in the phrase tētahi atu.
Homai tētahi atu pune! / Pass me another spoon, please.
Tokowhā ngā kaiako, ā, i tēnei tau kua whiwhi te kura i tētahi atu. / There were four teachers and this year the school has another one.
8. (particle) including - when referring to different kinds of people or things using nouns followed by atu but without a determiner.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 97;)
I hīkoi atu te tira ki Maungapōhatu, koroua atu, kuia atu, pakeke atu, tamariki atu. / The travelling party walked to Maungapōhatu, including elderly men, elderly women, adults and children.
9. (particle) Used in time expressions, seemingly for emphasis.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 121;)
Nō mua atu tēnei aituā i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. / This disaster was before the First World War.
10. (particle) apart from, other than, aside from, other, others - followed by i. Also used to indicate things that are additional to those already mentioned.
Atu i a koe, kārekau aku hoa. / Apart from you, I have no friends.
E whā i mate, e waru atu i taotū. / Four died and eight were wounded.
