2. (noun) frost.
He mātotoru tonu te tau atu o te hauhunga ki te whārua i ngā pō kapua kore, hau kore o te hōtoke (PK 2008:87). / The frost settles quite thickly in the valleys on the cloudless, windless nights of winter.
3. (noun) pale green variety of greenstone.
2. (noun) speckled variety of greenstone.
3. (noun) sea mouse, Lepidonotus polychroma - an oval worm with two series of overlapping plates or scales down the back and numerous pairs of tufted bristles extending sideways from the under surface of the body. Dull brownish colour about 75 mm long. Found half buried in mud or under stones at low tide in southern parts of Aotearoa/New Zealand.
tangiwai
1. (noun) translucent variety of greenstone, olive-green with streaks of white - found at Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) and Te Wai Pounamu (Greenstone Valley).
Heoi, whakamanawanui tonu, ka kitea ngā kōwhatu pounamu i konei e Hine-ahu; nō te tangihanga o Hine-ahu, koia te tangiwai (JPS 1914:8). / Nevertheless, they went on with stout hearts, and then Hine-ahu discovered some greenstone. Because of her lamentations it was called 'tangiwai'.
2. (noun) semi-transparent variety of greenstone, ear ornament of greenstone.
tongarerewa
1. (modifier) precious.
Ka rawe te iwi rangatira e noho rā, ka oti te whakakākahu ki ngā kākahu rangatira, he aurei katoa te here o ngā kākahu. Ko Tapuae, he paepaeroa, ko te māhiti ki waho. Kitea te nui o te aurei, o te kuru pounamu ki runga ki te pakihiwi o Tapuae, te here o ngā kākahu o te māhiti, me te wahine a Tapuae, he wahine rangatira hoki, he kākahu kiwi te kākahu, me ngā kōtore huia te rākai ki tahi taha, ki tahi taha, o te māhuna, ko te tiki ki te poho, ko ngā tautau tongarerewa ki tahi pakihiwi, ki tahi (TP 9/1908:3). / The aristocratic folk were gorgeous as they sat decked out in their grand clothes all fastened with ivory pins. There was Tapuae with a paepaeroa and a māhiti over it. An abundance of ivory pins and greenstone ornaments could be seen on Tapuae's shoulder, fastening his garments and his māhiti. His wife too, a well-born woman, was wearing a kiwi cloak, with tail feathers of the huia adorning both sides of her head, a tiki on her breast, and quite a cluster of greenstone drops on each shoulder.
See also tongarewa
Synonyms: māpuna, tongarewa, marihi, matahīapo, matenui, kahurangi, mōmōhanga, puipuiaki, puiaki, hokoi, kāmehameha, piripoho
2. (noun) treasure, jewel, darling.
I te hui nei ka rangona te kōharihari, te uruhua i te nui o te iwi nei, arā, o te rangatahi kāore i te mōhio ki ō rātou reo, ki ā rātou tikanga, engari e kaha ana te matawā, te tūkorou atu ki aua tongarerewa (HM 1/1992:2). / At this meeting we felt the pain and hurt from the majority of the people, that is of the young people who do not know their language and customs, but the desire was strong for those treasures.
Synonyms: kahurangi
3. (noun) semi-transparent variety of greenstone, ear ornament of greenstone.
kuru pounamu
1. (noun) ornament of greenstone.
Ka rawe te iwi rangatira e noho rā, ka oti te whakakākahu ki ngā kākahu rangatira, he aurei katoa te here o ngā kākahu. Ko Tapuae, he paepaeroa, ko te māhiti ki waho. Kitea te nui o te aurei, o te kuru pounamu ki runga ki te pakihiwi o Tapuae, te here o ngā kākahu o te māhiti, me te wahine a Tapuae, he wahine rangatira hoki, he kākahu kiwi te kākahu, me ngā kōtore huia te rākai ki tahi taha, ki tahi taha, o te māhuna, ko te tiki ki te poho, ko ngā tautau tongarerewa ki tahi pakihiwi, ki tahi (TP 9/1908:3). / The aristocratic folk were gorgeous as they sat decked out in their grand clothes all fastened with ivory pins. There was Tapuae with a paepaeroa and a māhiti over it. An abundance of ivory pins and greenstone ornaments could be seen on Tapuae's shoulder, fastening his garments and his māhiti. His wife too, a well-born woman, was wearing a kiwi cloak, with tail feathers of the huia adorning both sides of her head, a tiki on her breast, and quite a cluster of greenstone drops on each shoulder.
2. (noun) greenstone, nephrite, jade.
Ko ā rātou rākau patu tangata, he koikoi, he huata, he taiaha, he tewhatewha, he hoeroa; he mea tārai ki te toki pounamu, ki te toki kōhatu (JPS 1899:179). / Their man-killing weapons were spears, lances, taiaha, tewhatewha and long whale-bone weapons fashioned with greenstone and stone adzes.
See also pounemu
Synonyms: waipounamu
3. (noun) glass bottle - named because early bottles were green like greenstone.
Kaua e tuhatuha haere, engari me tuha ki roto i tētahi ipu, pounamu rānei (TKO 11/1920:6). / Don't spit all over the place, but expectorate into a container or a bottle.
auhunga
1. (noun) a pale green variety of greenstone.
See also hauhunga
heitiki
1. (noun) greenstone pendant for the neck - usually of a human image.
Tērā tētahi heitiki kei te wahine a te Kāwana-Tianara. Ko taua heitiki he mea hoatu ki tana pāpā i te wā e tū ana a ia hei Kāwana mō Niu Tīreni (TTT 1/6/1925:242). / The Governor-General's wife has a greenstone pendant, which was given to her father at the time he was Governor for Aotearoa/New Zealand.
kahotea
1. (noun) a dark green variety of greenstone with light-coloured streaks or spots.
Ka tahuri ki te hika ahi a Tama-āhua; he rere anake te kora o te ahi, ka wera a Arahura, koia i pau ai a Kahotea i te ahi, ka kōpatapata haere te āhua o tēnā pounamu i te ngārehu ahi (JPS 1914:8). / When Tama-āhua proceeded to light a fire by rubbing the sticks, the sparks flew out and set fire to Arahura, and hence was Kahotea burnt, for that kind of greenstone is spotted like drops on account of the embers of the fire.
kairangi
1. (noun) anything held in high esteem, darling, exalted chief, finest variety of greenstone, patron.
He tikanga tonu nāna te whakamau i āna manuhiri taiea ki te kahu kairangi, ki te taonga pounamu rānei, he mea tango tonu mai i te whakaputunga taonga i kaingākaunuitia e rāua ko tōna hoa (TTR 1996:20). / It was a custom of hers to present her honoured guests with fine cloaks or greenstone artefacts from her and her husband's' treasured collection.
kawakawa
1. (noun) kawakawa, pepper tree, Macropiper excelsum - a small, densely-branched tree with heart-shaped leaves. Found throughout the North Island and as far south as Banks Peninsula. Used for ceremonies, including removing tapu, for medicinal purposes, and as a symbol of death.
(Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 124-125;)
Tīparetia tōu rae ki te rau kawakawa (TWMNT 8/2/1876:34). / Adorn your forehead with kawakawa leaves.
2. (noun) dark to rich green variety of greenstone - resembles the leaves of the kawakawa shrub.
Heoi, whakamanawanui tonu, ka kitea ngā kōwhatu pounamu i konei e Hine-ahu. Nō te tangihanga o Hine-ahu, koia te tangiwai. Nō te nui o tōna rangatiratanga, koia te kahurangi; mō tōna tīparetanga ki te kawakawa koia te kawakawa (JPS 1914:8). / Nevertheless, they went on with stout hearts, and then Hine-ahu discovered some greenstone. Because of her lamentations it was called 'tangiwai'. Because of her rank the kahurangi greenstone was so named; and from her making of headband of kawakawa leaves the kawakawa greenstone variety was named.
kōkopu
1. (noun) banded kōkopu, cockabully, Galaxias fasciatus, whitebait - small, blunt-nosed, endemic freshwater fish that is slender, lacks scales and carries a dorsal fin set far to the rear. Head and body dark brown to olive-green with narrow polar bars crossing flanks and continuous across back. Widespread in forested areas. Capable of climbing moist vertical faces. The juvenile form is called whitebait.
E kīia ana, kua tae mai ngā ika o Karapōnia, e kīa nei, he tarauta (e pēnei ana me te kōkopu wai māori a te Māori) ā kua tukua atu aua ika ki tētahi o ngā roto i Waikato (TW 2/11/1878:546). / It is reported that fish from California have arrived, which are called trout (and are like the Maori’s fresh water kōkopu) and those fish have been released in one of the lakes in Waikato.
Synonyms: kōriwhariwha, kōawheawhe, kōkopuruao, kōkopu taiwhara, kōpakopako, para, parakeke, ruao, ruwao, moruru
2. (noun) large species of eel.
Nō te tau 1965 ka kōrero te kaumātua rā a Tame Saunders mō ngā momo tuna heke, rere kotahi katoa ai tēnā momo tuna, tēnā momo tuna, tēnā momo tuna: tuatahi ko ngā hao (30 henemita te roa), whai muri ko ngā riko (he kākāriki te tuarā, kotahi mita te roa), ngā paranui (he pango te tae, he kiri mātotoru), kātahi ngā tuna kōkopu (tae ki te 1.8 mita te roa, hāwhe koma-mano te taumaha) (Te Ara 2013). / Tame Saunders, an elder, described in 1965 how the different types of eels came down in the same order: first the hao (king eels, about 30 centimetres long), then the riko (greenish-backed eels, about a metre long), then the paranui (dark, with thick skins), and finally the kōkopu tuna (up to 1.8 metres long and weighing just under 30 kilograms).
Synonyms: riko
3. (noun) variety of greenstone like tōtōweka but with smaller regular dots like the freshwater fish called kōkopu.
4. (noun) bullhead, bullies, Gobiomorphus spp. - a small, blunt-headed, sluggish, endemic freshwater fish.
5. (noun) giant bully, Gobiomorphus gobioides - stocky fish with large head, two separate dorsal fins, strong body scales, and pelvic fins located forwards beneath the gill openings. Very dark, often black with irregular, golden olive lines on cheeks and a linear series of small, golden speckles on each flank. An endemic fish widespread in esturine and coastal waters of the North and South Islands. Rarely moves more than 2 km inland. Emerges at night to feed.
inanga
1. (noun) inanga, whitebait, Galaxias maculatus - a small silvery-white native fish with a slender body. Found in streams, rivers, lakes, swamps and pools throughout the coastal regions of Aotearoa/New Zealand up to 215 km inland. Forms small to large schools. Maximum size 190 mm. Adults mature at 1 year and migrate downstream on new or full moons to spawn when the spring tide floods marginal vegetation. Eggs are left amongst the vegetation out of the water and hatch at the next spring tide.
Ka nui te whaikōrero, ka tukua te kai, arā, te tuna, te inanga, te kōura, te toitoi (JPS 1901:74). / After a lot of speech-making, food was presented, that is eels, whitebait, crayfish and giant bully.
2. (noun) a whitish or creamy-coloured variety of greenstone.
Ko te pounamu tuatahi i kitea e ia, he inanga; i kitea atu ki te inanga ika nei, e tau ana mai i roto i te awa (JPS 1913:113). / The first greenstone he saw was that kind called 'inanga', it was seen in the river with the fish called 'inanga' (whitebait).
3. (noun) inanga, Dracophyllum longifolium, grass tree - a tree up to 12 m high found from south of East Cape to Stewart Island. Has slender erect or spreading branches. Rigid, leathery grass-like leaves are usually crowded towards the tip of the branchlets.
4. (noun) bamboo.
2. (modifier) blue.
He mate anō tō te kupu kahurangi. Ko tēnei kupu (me te kupu kikorangi) e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā momo kahurangi katoa (HM 3/1992:5). / There's also a problem with the word 'kahurangi' (blue). This word (and the word 'kikorangi') are used generally for all shades of blue.
3. (modifier) prized, precious, honourable, distinguished.
Taku tau kahurangi ka makere, ē, i ahau (M 2004:324). / My honourable lover has fallen from me.
Synonyms: matapopore, māpuna, tongarewa, marihi, matahīapo, matenui, mōmōhanga, puipuiaki, puiaki, hokoi, kāmehameha, piripoho, tongarerewa
4. (noun) treasured possession, darling, jewel.
He kahurangi ia, he matahīapo i te iwi (TWMNT 26/1/1875:22). / She was a darling, a treasure of the people.
Synonyms: tongarerewa
5. (noun) illustrious person, famous person, person of high rank, chieftain, lady of high rank.
KI ngā iwi, ki ngā hapū, me ngā mana e pupuri mai nei i te mana Māori, i ngā marae o Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu, tēnā rā koutou, ngā morehu a Aituā, tūāhuatanga o ēnā o ō tātou rangatira ka riro rā ki Paerau, ki te huinga o te kahurangi, ki te takotoranga tē taea te whakakorikori (TP 8/1912:7). / To the tribes, subtribes and the people of standing retaining Māori status on the marae of the North and South Islands, greetings to you all, who are the survivors of misfortune and stand in place of our leaders who have departed to the meeting place of the dead, to the gathering of the illustrious, to the resting place from which you are not able to move.
6. (noun) light green, translucent variety of greenstone without flaws or spots - a highly valued variety.
Heoi, whakamanawanui tonu, ka kitea ngā kōwhatu pounamu i konei e Hine-ahu. Nō te tangihanga o Hine-ahu, koia te tangiwai. Nō te nui o tōna rangatiratanga, koia te kahurangi; mō tōna tīparetanga ki te kawakawa koia te kawakawa (JPS 1914:8). / Nevertheless, they went on with stout hearts, and then Hine-ahu discovered some greenstone. Because of her lamentations it was called 'tangiwai'. Because of her rank the kahurangi greenstone was so named; and from her making of headband of kawakawa leaves the kawakawa greenstone variety was named.
7. (personal noun) Dame (title).
I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau 2000 ka eke ētahi tāngata Māori ki mua i te aroaro o te iwi whānui o Aotearoa, kua hau rānei te rongo ki te ao mō ā rātau mahi. Ko ētahi o tēnei hunga ko Kahurangi Kiri Te Kanawa rātou ko te kaiwhakahaere kiriata a Lee Tamahori, te kōtiro whakaari a Keisha Castle-Hughes, te toa haupōro a Michael Campbell, te tohungatā a Ralph Hōtere, ngā kaituhi a Patricia Grace me Witi Ihimaera (Te Ara 2014). / In the early 2000s a number of Māori individuals were regarded as major national figures or had international reputations in their chosen fields. Among them were the opera singer Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, film director Lee Tamahori, child actor Keisha Castle-Hughes, golfer Michael Campbell, artist Ralph Hotere, and writers Patricia Grace and Witi Ihimaera (Te Ara 2014).
kuru
1. (verb) (-a,-ngia,-tia) to strike with the fist, thump, pelt, beat, pound, throw.
He tāne rou kākahi ka moea, he tāne moe i roto i te whare kurua te takataka (TTT 1/10/1922:12). / The husband dexterous at dredging freshwater mussels will be slept with, but the husband who sleeps idly in the house will have his head thumped. (A whakataukī stressing the value of hard work and a wife's appreciation of a good provider.)
Synonyms: kurukuru, karaepa, epa, whākuru, opa, tuki, pao, āki, kōmekemeke, pātuki, pāuna, hamahama, pehu, patupatu, tātā, poutuki
2. (noun) mallet, pestle, fragment, hammer stone.
Ko ngā kōhatu ka tohungia ka paoa ki te kuru kia maramara. Kātahi kua whakamahia anō ngā kuru hei whakamaheni i ngā taratara (Te Ara 2014). / Selected rocks were struck with hammer stones to produce flakes. Then the hammer stones were also used to smooth rough surfaces.
3. (noun) an ornament of greenstone.
He kōtore huia kei te māhunga, he kuru kahurangi kei te taringa (KO 15/2/1883:3). / Huia tail feathers on the head and a precious greenstone ornament at the ear.
4. (noun) breadfruit tree, breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis - a large, evergreen, tropical tree with large, round, starchy fruit originating in the South Pacific and was spread to the rest of Oceania. It has been an important staple crop in the Pacific for more than 3,000 years, but does not grow in the colder climate of Aotearoa/New Zealand.
Ko te kuru whakamarumaru o te whare o Uenuku (JPS 1910:95). / The sheltering breadfruit tree of Uenuku's house.
See also poroporo
