2. (particle) Combines with nā to form a past tense emphasising who or what did the action.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 30-32; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 41-42;)
3. (particle) at, in, on, along, by way of - used before location words to indicate past location.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 29;)
4. (particle) has, had - used to state who or what had something.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 83;)
5. (particle) from - used with verbs of motion to indicate movement away from the place following.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101; Te Kākano Study Guide (Ed. 1): 25, 26; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 63-64;)
I piki atu rātou i te pūtake o te maunga ki te tihi. / They climbed from the base of the mountain to the summit.
6. (particle) Used with verbs that take a direct object or experience verbs not indicating motion to mark the object or goal of the action.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 41-42, 84;)
Kua kite rātou i Te Maioro Nui Whakaharahara o Haina. / They have seen the Great Wall of China.
7. (particle) Connects a location word with its related noun or noun phrase.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 15-16;)
8. (particle) by, with - used to mark the agent of stative verbs.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 57, 99-100; Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 125;)
9. (particle) while, during.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101-102;)
I a ia e moe ana, ka hoki tana whaiāipo ki tōna kāinga. / While she was asleep, her boyfriend returned to his home.
10. (particle) than, in comparison with - used when comparing things.
(Te Kākano Textbook (Ed. 2): 101;)
11. (particle) because, through, by reason of.
12. (particle) Used in clauses expressing the reason for an action and in 'why' questions.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 23-24; Te Māhuri Textbook (Ed. 2): 43-44;)
He pukuriri nōku i kōrero pēnei ai. / It was because I was angry that I spoke like that.
13. (particle) per, each, every.
14. (particle) in case ... may, were fortunate, to see whether, if it were not for - used between me and kore to express present or past hypothetical conditions.
(Te Pihinga Textbook (Ed. 2): 126-127;)
Me i kore koe, kua hinga tō tātou tīma. / If it weren't for you our team would have been defeated.
me i kore
1. in case ... may, were fortunate, to see whether, if it were not for, thanks to, it's just as well.
Nā reira ka āta whakatahi te iwi me i kore te hoariri e whai atu ki te ururua o te ngahere i tua atu o te pā, kia haupapatia ai e Heke me ana toa (TTR 1990:7). / And so the people deliberately withdrew in the hope that the enemy might follow into the undergrowth of the bush on the other side of the pā, so that they could be ambushed by Heke and his warriors.
